B   3   SMt    Tfll 


VOL.IV 


Maldon-^Brunnanbur, 


Crow 


mmmmKammmmammmammaammiwj}  i  »mtmmp^-i-:Mt^^^ 


GiKN?^  Company 


MALDON    AND    BUUMANBURH 


TWO 

OLD    ENGLISH 

SONGS   OF   BATTLE 


EDITED   BY 


CHARLES  LANGLEY  CROW,  Ph.D.  (Gottingen) 

Pkofessoe  of  Teutonic  Languages 
Weathekfokd  College,  Texas 


GINN   &  COMPANY 

BOSTON   •  NEW  YOKK   •    CHICAGO  •  LONDON 


Copyright,  1897,  by 
CHABLES  LANGLEY  CROW 


AliL  RIGHTS  RESERVED 
99.12 


tCl)t    Scltljenaum    Xivtei 

(■INN    \-    I DMl'AN  V  •   rUO- 
PKIHTORS  ■  liOSTON  •  U.S.A. 


TO 


MY    FRIEND    AND    FORMER    TEACHER 


5ames  Blbert  Ibarrison 


364748 


ACKNOAVLEDGMENTS, 


Of  recent  editions  of  one  or  botii  of  the  poems,  those  by 
Bright,  Sweet,  Wiilker,  and  Zupitza  have  been  most  useful 
to  me.  Still  I  have  followed  no  editor  blindly.  The  chap- 
ter on  Prosody  is  based  on  Sievers'  account  of  Old  English 
versification  in  Paul  and  Braune's  Beitrdge.  Zernial's  Lied 
von  Bi/rhtnd'6^s  Fall  has  been  used  freely.  Cook's  excellent 
edition  of  Judith  is  full  of  suggestions  to  an  editor. 

My  thanks  are  due  to  Professor  Bright  for  courtesies  ex- 
tended me  while  looking  up  references  in  the  Johns  Hopkins 
University  Library,  to  Mr.  L.  M.  Harris  of  the  University 
of  Indiana,  to  Prof.  Eobert  Sharp  of  Tulane  University,  and 
especially  to  Prof.  Jas.  A.  Harrison  of  the  University  of 
Virginia  for  valuable  suggestions  and  criticisms. 

C.  L.  Crow. 

Norfolk,  1897. 


INTHODUCTIOK 


HISTORICAL  OUTLINE. 


Both  of  the  "Songs"  celebrate  battles  fought  during  the 
period  of  the  Danish  Invasions.  With  varying  successes 
the  Danes  made  raid  after  raid  upon  the  English.  It  was 
not  long  before  they  held  large  possessions  in  the  North, 
whence,  assisted  by  the  Eritons  and  Scots  and  to  some  ex- 
tent by  their  cousins  in  France,  they  carried  on  piratical 
warfare  against  the  Saxons.  The  vigorous  policy  of  Ed- 
ward reduced  tliem  for  a  short  time  to  submission.  The 
whole  of  Northumberland,  the  Scots,  and  the  Britons  of 
Strathclyde  "  chose  him  to  father  and  to  lord."  But  in  less 
than  a  year  after  Edward's  deatli  the  North  was  in  revolt. 
The  young  king  Aethelstan  liastened  into  Northumbria  and 
in  a  short  time  gained  a  complete  victory.  In  order  to 
make  the  Saxon  rule  more  tolerable  to  the  Danes,  he  made 
the  Danish  nobleman  Sitliric  sub-king  of  the  land,  and  gave 
him  his  sister  Editha  in  marriage.  Then  turning  west- 
wards he  broke  the  league  which  had  been  formed  between 
the  Britons  of  Strathclyde  and  the  Scots,  and  forced  them 
to  pay  an  annual  tribute  and  to  march  in  his  armies.  After 
this  he  defeated  tlie  Britons  of  Cornwall,  and  compelled 
them  to  submit  to  a  like  vassalage  and  to  give  up  part  of 
their  territory. 

When  Sithric  died,  liis  sons  Anlaf  and  Godric,  basing  their 
claims  on  the  riglitof  their  stepmother  Kditha,  claimed  the 


INTRODUCTION.  VU 

throne  of  Northumberland  without  consulting  Aethel- 
stan.  They  were  soon  expelled,  whereupon  Anlaf  fled  to 
Ireland  and  Godric  to  Scotland.  Aethelstan  demanded 
that  the  Scotch  king,  Constantine,  should  give  up  the 
exile,  his  son-in-law.  This  Constantine  refused,  but  was  at 
length  forced  to  promise.  Godric,  however,  being  secretly 
warned,  escaped,  and  spent  the  few  remaining  years  of  his 
life  as  a  pirate.  Soon  after  Godric's  escape,  Aethelstan 
declared  war  against  Constantine  because  of  his  action  in 
regard  to  his  son-in-law,  and  completely  defeated  him. 
Smarting  under  this,  Constantine  entered  into  a  conspiracy 
with  Anlaf,  who  had  in  the  meanwhile  put  himself  at  the 
head  of  a  band  of  Danish  pirates  in  the  Irish  Sea.  Britons, 
Danes,  all  who  feared  the  growing  power  of  Aethelstan 
hastened  to  join  the  conspiracy.  Anlaf's  force  appeared  in 
the  Humber  and,  strengthened  as  it  was,  seemed  strong 
enough  to  overrun  Saxon  England.  Aethelstan  met  and 
completely  destroyed  the  collected  army  at  Brunnanburh. 
Now  at  last  the  land  seemed  rid  of  the  Danes,  and,  indeed, 
there  was  no  more  trouble  during  Aethelstan's  reign. 

Aethelstan's  death  was  followed  by  a  Danish  revolt. 
The  ensuing  struggle  resulted  in  reducing  the  kingdom  of 
Aethelstan  to  the  limits  of  Alfred's  time.  Again  Watling 
Street  separated  Wessex  from  the  Danes.  But  the  states- 
manship of  Dunstan  soon  regained  all  that  had  been  lost. 
Then  followed  a  long  peace,  broken  only  by  the  disturbances 
of  King  Eadwig's  short  reign  (955-8).  The  West  Saxon 
supremacy  continued  until  the  succession  of  Aethelred  to 
the  throne.  Then  Dunstan  withdrew  to  Canterbury,  and 
the  artificial  kingdom  that  he  had  built  up  fell  to  pieces. 
The  selfish  aims  of  Wessex  angered  tlie  other  provinces. 
Northumberland  seceded,  Mercia  was  in  revolt,  the  Danes 
renewed  their  hostilities.  A  hostile  force  landed  in  Essex, 
destroyed  the  English  forces  at  Maldon  in  spite  of  their 


Vlll  INTRODUCTION. 

chivalrous  courage,  and  had  to  be  bought  off  from  further 
devastating  the  land.  The  Danes  were  also  permitted  to 
settle  peaceably  in  the  land.  From  now  on,  the  power  of 
Wessex  grew  ever  smaller,  and  her  enemies  became  more 
numerous  and  daring.  Deeper  and  deeper  she  sank,  until, 
disgraced  by  the  basest  treachery  and  cowardice,  her  doom 
was  certain  ;  and  in  her  fall  she  prepared  the  way  for  the 
Danish  supremacy  in  England  and  the  Norman  Invasion. 


MANUSCRIPTS. 

a)  The  "Battle  of  Maldon"  was  preserved  in  an  unique 
MS.,  described  by  Wanley  in  his  Catalogus  as  follows : 

MS.  Otho  A.  XII.  Cod.  memb.  et  antiquus  in  Quarto,  in 
quo,  post  illud  Asserii  Menevensis  exemplar,  quo  usus  est 
Dr.  Matthseus  Parker  Archiep.  Cant,  statim  sequuntur 
Saxonice  I.  Exorcismus  contra  Melancholiam.  II.  Exorcis- 
mus  prolixior  contra  frigora  et  febres.  III.  Fragmentum 
capite  et  calce  mutilum,  sex  foliis  constans,  quo  Poetice  et 
Stylo  Caedmoniano  celebratur  virtus  bellica  Beorhtnothi 
Ealdormanni  Offae  et  aliorum  Anglo-Saxonum,  in  prselio 
cum  Danis. 

Although  the  beginning  and  the  end  of  the  poem  were 
wanting,  it  is  probable  that  but  few  lines  were  lost.  The 
fragment  was  printed  by  Hearne  in  1726.  Five  years  later 
the  MS.  was  destroyed  in  the  great  Cottonian  fire,  so  that 
now  we  must  rely  on  Hearne's  edition. 

The  poem,  as  we  have  it,  is  prevailingly  Late  West  Saxon. 
Several  words  occur,  however,  which  show  Mercian  peculi- 
arities :  ina'i'^  (jvear'6)  116;  heorra  (Jiearra)  204;  heron 
(iHtron)  67,  and  similarly  wegon  98,  also  Kentish;  ste'tSe 
(st(r(!)e)  63,  and  similarly  hrenimas  106,  me<Sel  199,  leg  276, 
wrec  279,  also  Kentisli,  and  according  to  Cosijn,  p.  11,  vari- 


INTRODUCTION.  IX 

ants  in  West  Saxon.  According  to  Sievers  t5e  (t)]/)  is  also 
Mercian.  A  comparatively  large  number  of  Norse  words 
are  found  in  the  poem :  eorl,  fri^,  ceallian,  dreng,  grv6, 
tvicliKj,  —  the  last  four,  according  to  Vigfusson,  appearing 
here  for  the  tirst  time  in  a  dated  work.  This  early  use  of 
Norse  words,  together  with  the  examples  showing  dialectic 
peculiarities,  seems  to  justify  the  conclusion  that  the  MS. 
used  by  Hearne  was  a  West  Saxon  copy  of  a  Mercian  origi- 
nal. A  further  proof,  if  one  be  needed,  that  tlie  MS.  was 
not  an  original  can,  I  think,  be  found  in  the  words  in  which 
an  ear  for  rhyme  or  association  of  sounds  has  led  to  mis- 
take ;  for  example  :  gofol  {gafol)  61  ;  fohte  {feohte)  103,  cf. 
tohte  104 ;  randan  (randas)  20,  cf.  standan  19,  and  other 
words  in  the  context  ending  in  -an  ;  upgangan  {upgang)  87, 
cf.  dgan  87,  faran,  fe'San,  Iwdan  88.  These  mistakes  may, 
however,  have  been  made  by  Hearne,  and  the  last  two  may 
be  due  to  a  change  of  declension  in  the  use  of  the  poet  or 
scribe. 

Ettmliller  thinks  that  the  author  would  be  known  to  us 
by  name  if  the  poem  had  been  preserved  entire.  Both  he 
and  D.  Conybeare  call  to  mind  the  many  benefactions  of 
Byrhtnoth  to  Ely,  and  suggest  that  a  monk  from  that  abbey 
was  probably  the  author.  With  the  single  exception  of 
Korner,  who  falsely  takes  Gaddes  mceg  to  be  one  of  the  hos- 
tile force,  all  the  critics  agree  that  the  poem  was  written 
immediately  after  the  battle  by  an  eye-witness  or  at  least 
by  some  one  who  was  told  of  the  occurrences  by  an  eye- 
witness. Sweet,  in  Warton's  History  of  English  Poetrij,  says : 
"It  is  even  possible  that  the  poet  himself  took  an  active 
part  in  it  (the  battle)."  We  have  seen  that  the  poem  was 
probably  w^'itten  by  a  Mercian ;  notwithstanding  its  martial 
spirit,  there  is  nothing  in  it  to  preclude  the  possibility  of 
its  author  having  been  a  monk.  Indeed,  the  religious  tone 
of  part  of  it  would  be  well  in  accord  with  such  authorship. 


X  INTRODUCTION. 

Is  it  not  probable  that  the  author  was  a  monk  who  followed 
Byrhtnoth  from  Ely  (our  hero  came  thence  to  Maldon),  and 
who  was  an  eye-witness,  if  not  a  participant  ? 

h)  The  "Battle  of  Brunnanburh"  was  to  be  found  in  five 
of  the  seven  MSS.  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle.  One  of 
these,  G,  was  almost  entirely  destroyed  in  the  great  Cot- 
tonian  fire;  but,  as  Wheloc's  edition  of  the  Chronicle  is 
based  on  it,  our  loss  is  but  slight.  A  half-page  is  left  blank 
in  the  MS.  F  before  the  prose  entry  for  937. 

A  =  Parker  MS.,  so  called  because  it  was  given  by  Arch- 
bishop Parker  to  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge,  It  is 
numbered  173  in  Nasmith's  Catalogue  ;  described  by  Wan- 
ley,  p.  130,  by  Sir  T.  D.  Hardy,  Catalogue  of  British  His- 
tory, i.  651.  It  is  believed  to  be  based  upon  a  Chronicle  now 
lost  which  had  its  origin  at  Winchester.  It  belonged,  how- 
ever, to  Christ  Church,  Canterbury,  and  it  was  here  that  the 
later  entries  were  made.  The  entries  925-978  are  in  various 
hands  ;  from  978  to  the  end  (1001)  in  the  same  hand. 

B  =  Tib.  A.  vi.  of  the  Cottonian  Collection.  It  is  also  a 
Canterbury  book.  Described  by  Wanley,  p.  224,  and  by 
Hardy,  i.  655.     In  one  hand.     Ends  with  the  year  977. 

C  =  Tib.  B.  i.  Described  by  Wanley,  p.  219,  and  by 
Hardy,  i.  ^b(j.  Best  designated  from  its  probable  place  of 
origin  as  the  Abingdon  Chronicle.    In  one  hand.    Ends  1046. 

D  =  Tib.  B.  iv.  Described  by  Wanley,  p.  220,  and  by 
Hardy,  i.  657.  Probably  a  Worcester  Chronicle.  In  one 
hand.     Ends  1016. 

G  =  Otho  B.  xi.  Destroyed,  with  the  exception  of  three 
leaves,  in  1731.     It  was  in  one  hand  of  the  eleventh  century. 

The  relative  value  and  mutual  relations  of  these  MSS. 
have  not  been  sufficiently  investigated.  Enough  is  certain, 
however,  to  make  possible  the  construction  of  a  critical 
text.  G,  even  if  not  a  copy  of  A,  as  is  most  probable,  is 
of  no  value  to  us.      P)  and  C  form  a  group  (to  which  D  is 


INTRODUCTION.  XI 

perhaps  to  be  added)  derived  from  the  same  original  as 
A  and  G.  Of  these,  A  and  B  have  the  greatest  weight, 
D  has  the  least. 

Xo  tenable  theory  as  to  the  authorship  of  the  poem 
has  as  yet  been  advanced.  Whoever  the  poet  was,  he 
tells  us  but  little  of  the  battle.  "There  is  in  the  song 
of  Brunnanburh  nothing  like  a  story  or  legend,  nothing,  if 
you  strip  it  of  its  poetic  language,  beyond  a  few  plain  facts 
which  the  writer  might  have  put  into  three  or  four  lines  of 
prose"  (Freeman,  Old  English  History,  p.  158).  It  seems, 
therefore,  as  ten  Brink  states,  not  to  have  been  written  by 
an  eye-witness.  Its  date  of  composition  falls  most  prob- 
ably within  a  year  after  the  battle  took  place. 


OTHER  EARLY  ACCOUNTS  OF  THE  BATTLES. 

a)  Two  of  the  Saxon  Chronicles,  E  and  F,  have  a  prose 
account  of  the  battle  of  Brunnanburh.  That  in  F  is  the 
fuller  : 

937.^)  Her  ^Sestan  cing  (cind  Eadmund  his  broker) 
Igedde  fyrde  to  Brunanbyri^.  and  ))ar  gefeht  wi6  Anelaf. 
and  Xpe  fultumegende  sige  hsefde.  (a7id  j^ar  ofslogan  -v- 
cingas  and  -viii-  eorlas'^). 

The  battle  is  recorded  further  in  Ingulph's,  Ethelwerd's, 
and  ^lalmesbury's  Chronicles.  In  Ethelwerd  the  date  939 
is  given.  It  is  also  celebrated  in  a  Latin  poem  which  has 
been  partially  preserved  (Langebeck,  ii.  421).  A  much 
curtailed  paraphrase  of  the  Old  English  poem  is  to  be  found 
in  Henry  of  Huntingdon.  A  detailed  account  of  the  battle 
is  in  Egil's  Saga  (Johnstone,  Antiq.  Celto-Scandica>,  p.  42). 

1  The  Latin  gloss  to  F  has  at  ^•.  Ilic  factum  est  illud  magnum  et  fa- 
mosum  bellum  in  Brunnanbyri  ;  at  ^ :  comites. 


Xll  INTIIODUCTION. 

h)  The  oldest  of  the  Chronicles,  A,  gives  993  as  the  date 
of  the  battle  of  Maldon  : 

993.  Her  on  Sissum  geare  com  Unlaf  mid  |)rim  aiid  hund 
nigentigon  scipum  to  Stane,  and  forhergedon  ]uf't  on  ytan, 
and  for  $a  ^anon  to  Sandwic,  and  svva  Sanon  to  Gipes  wic, 
and  ])cet  eall  ofer  code,  a7id  swa  to  Maeldune  ;  aiid  him  ])seT 
com  togeanes  ByrhtnoS  ealdorman  mid  his  fyrde,  aiid  him 
wi(5  gefeaht.  a7id  hy  ))one  ealdorman  ])3dv  ofslogon,  aiid  wail- 
stowe  ge weald  ahtan.  aiid  him  man  nam  syftSan  friS  wi5, 
a7id  hine  nam  se  cing  sySSan  to  bisceopes  handa.  (Surh 
Sirices  lare  Cantvvare  biscpes,  aiid  JElfes^ges  Winc3estrel5.) 

The  other  MSS.  and  the  Historia  Ecclesio}  Eliensis  give 
the  date  991.  As  Byrhtnoth  was  a  benefactor  of  Ely  and 
the  monks  would  take  special  interest  in  him,  and  as  four 
Chronicles  speak  against  one,  this  is  to  be  taken  as  the 
date  of  the  battle. 

991.  Her  wses  G[ypes]wic  gehergod.  and  sefter  pam  swit5e 
rat5e  wses  Brihtnot5  ealdorman  ofslsegen  set  Maeldune.  and 
on  |)am  geare  man  gergedde  yvt  man  geald  aerest  gafol  De- 
niscan  mannum.  for  pam  mycclan  brogan  |)e  hi  worhtan  be 
|)am  sse  riman.  ]nrt  wses  serest  -x-  |)usend  punda.  ))aene  rsed 
gersedde  Siric  arce'b.     E. 

The  Historia  Ecclesiw  Eliensis  gives  the  following  account 
of  Byrhtnoth's  death  : 

Deinde  commendans  se  orationibus  fratrum  cum  suis 
properavit  ad  bellum.  Quo  perveniens  nee  suorum  pauci- 
tate  movetur,  nee  hostium  multitudine  terretur,  sed  statim 
eos  adgreditur  et  per  quatuordecim  dies  ardenter  cum  eis 
congreditur.  Quorum  ultimo  die,  paucis  suorum  supersti- 
tibus,  moriturum  se  intelligens,  non  segnior  contra  hostes 
dimicabat,  sed  magna  strage  illorum  facta,  pene  in  fugam 
eos  converterat,  donee  adversarii  paucitate  sociorum  ejus 
animati,  tacto  cuneo,  conglobati  unanimiter  in  eum  irrue- 
runt,  ct  caput  })ugnantis  vix  cum  magno  labore  secuerunt. 


INTRODUCTION.  XIU 

quod  inde  fugientes  secum  in  patriam  portaverunt.  .  .  .  Fuit 
autem  vir  iste  plus  et  streniius  diebus  Edgari,  Edvardi  re- 
gis et  martyris,  et  ^Edelredi,  reguin  Aiigloruin,  et  mortuus 
est  anno  regni  ipsius  ^delredi  decimo  quarto,  ab  incarna- 
tione  vero  Domini  anno  nongentesimo  nonagesimo  primo. 


PROSODY. 

I.    General  Rules. 

1.  0.  E.  poetry  is  composed  m  ungrouped  alliterative 
lines  without  end-rimes. 

2.  A  line  consists  of  two  half-lines,  separated  by  a  csesura 
and  united  by  alliteration.  In  its  structure  the  half-line 
is  independent  of  its  complementary  half-line.  The  first 
half-line  admits  of  greater  expansion  than  the  second. 

3.  Each  normal  half-line  contains  two  feet.  The  foot  in 
its  simplest  form  consists  of  an  accented  part,  called  the 
arsis,  and  an  unaccented  part,  called  the  thesis.  The  foot 
may,  however,  contain  an  arsis  only,  or  be  enlarged  by  the 
addition  of  a  part  with  a  secondary  accent.  In  certain  cases 
an  arsis  may  fall  on  a  part  with  a  secondary  accent. 

4.  The  arsis  requires,  except  under  certain  conditions,  a 
long  syllable  or  two  short  syllables,  which  are,  in  metrical 
value,  the  equivalent  of  one  long  syllable. 

5.  The  first  thesis  consists  of  a  varying  number  of  un- 
accented syllables,  the  second  almost  never  of  more  than 
two,  and  if  it  closes  the  half-line,  always  of  one  syllable. 

6.  Alliteration  serves  to  unite  the  half-lines  into  a  whole. 
It  is  confined  to  metrically  accented  syllables.  Any  allit- 
eration of  unaccented  syllables  is  due  to  chance,  and  is  not 
to  be  taken  into  consideration.  Alliteration  marks  either 
or  both  of  the  accented  syllables  in  the  first  half-line,  but 


XIV  INTKODUCTION. 

only  tlie  first  in  the  second  half-line.  Consonant-alliterating 
syllables  begin  with  the  same 'consonant,  except  that  i  (J) 
and  fj  alliterate  one  with  the  other,  and  that  sc,  sp,  st  allit- 
erate each  with  itself  only.  Yowel-alliterating  syllables 
begin  with  any  vowel-sounds  whatsoever. 

7.  Metrical  accent  and  rhetorical  accent  coincide. 

II.  Types. 

Every  half-line  in  0.  E.  poetry  may  be  referred  to  one  of 
the  five  following  types.  The  numbers  following  an  ex- 
ample tell  how  often  this  form  occurs  in  the  two  poems  : 
the  first  number  refers  to  M*,  the  second  to  M*',  the  third 
to  B*,  the  fourth  to  B^  ;  if  less  than  four  numbers  are 
given,  the  order  of  reference  is  the  same. 

A.    -L^\-LX 

The  rhythm  in  A  is  trochaic : 
hors  forlijetan,  2^  -^x  |_^x      19,81,    9,18 

With  resolved  stress : 

guman  to  gupe,  94%  yxx  |.^x  6,  9,    1,  5 

feorh  genVede,  B  36^  -^x  j^xx  _,  4,  — ,  2 

cyning  and  se'Seling,  B  58%  s^x  l^^x  — ,  i,    i,  1 

With  the  first  thesis  expanded :  ^ 

hicgan  to  handum,  4%                ^xx         l^x  30,43,10,    9 

beagas  wis  gebeorge,  31%          xxxx     |_^x  9,    i.    2,    1 

wacian  get  f  am  wige,  10''^,          ^xxxx|^x  2 

Frequent  use  is  made  of  anacrusis,  i.e.  one,  two,  or  even 
more  unaccented  syllables  may  precede  the  first  arsis  : 
«aes  folces  ealdor,  202%  x\j_x  |^x9,     1,2 

and  Uegen  jnl  b(^ornas,  182%  x  |^x  x         |_^x     0,    9,     1 

1  From  here  on  cases  with  resolved  stress  are  iucUided  with  tlie 
others  of  the  same  general  form. 


INTRODUCTION.  XV 

ac  w^iidon  fram  jnim  wige,  193%  x|xxxx     |^x  4 

]>Si  hwlle  ))e  he  mid  haiiduin,  14^x|_^xxxx|^x  i,  i 

ne  for  feore  miirnon,  259%  xxi^x  |^x  «,  ],     1 

and  hyra  feore  burgon,  194%  xxxj^x  |^x  i,  i 

A  syllable  with  a  secondary   stress  may  occur  in  the 
thesis ;  the  second  arsis  is  sometimes  short  when  such  a 
syllable  is  long  and  directly  precedes  :  ^ 
s«m^n  snelle,  29%  ^xl^x  —     5,     1,    1 

bordweall  clufon,  B  5^,  -^x  I  w  x 

faeges  feorhhus,  297%  -^^\-^x  10,    1 

he  bra^c  )>one  bordweall,  277%        x  |^x  x  |^$<  8,    i,    1 

her  /E5elstan  cyning,  B  1%  x  |  wx  ^  |  ^  x 

se  waes  hateu  Wulfstan,  75%       x  x  |^x     |x^  2,    1 

him  wses  ^scfer«  nama,  267%    x>^\-^x     IwX 

Where  there  is  but  one  alliterative  syllable  in  the  first 
half-line,  this  has  the  greater  emphasis  of  the  two  stressed 
syllables.  If  this  be  the  second  arsis,  the  half-line  is  often 
expanded : 

s^ge  ]nnum  feodum,  50%  wx  x  x       |  ^  x 

nu  eow  is  gerymed,  93%  ^  x  x  x     |  ^  x        8 

swilce  ])^r  eac  se  froda,  B  37%  ^x  x  x  x  i_z.x 

J>8et  ])u  ])ine  leoda,  37%  x  u  x  x  |  x  x      10 

})a  noldon  set  J)am  forda,  81%  x|_z.xxx         |^x      16 

be  J>am  man  mihte  oncnawan,  9%       x|_^xxxx     \j_x        2 
f orjpan  wearS  her  on  f elda,  241%      x  x  |  _^  x  x  |  ^  x 

bsedon  ])9et  hi  upgang,  87%  ^  x  x  x        \_Lx        2 

gehyrde  ic  ])3et  Eadweard,  117%         x  |  ^  x  x  x        |  ^  ^^ 

Quite  irregular  is  : 
feallan  sceolon,  54%  ^x  |  v:^  x 

Total  numbers  in  A:  151,  161,  31,  38. 

1  The  remaining  cases  with  expanded  thesis,  if  not  otherwise  men- 
tioned, are  included  under  the  general  form. 


XVI  INTKODUCTION. 

B.  X  ^  I  X  ^. 

The  rhythm  in  type  B  is  iambic: 
aDcl  ealde  swurd,  47^  x^|x^  6,      2,      3,      2 

The  first  thesis  expanded,  as  e.g. : 
})a  |>aet  Offan  mseg,  5%  x  x^|  x^     -v 

Sa  hwile  Se  he  waepen  maege,  >  35,  54,  3,  14 

235^,  xxxxx_^|xwx    ) 

The  second  thesis  may  consist  of  two  syllables,  as  e.g. : 
wi«  lat5ra  gehwsene,  B  9%  x  ji  |  x  x  wx    x 

otS  pset  he  on  hilde  gecranc,  >- 15,  14,  1,    1 

324^,  xxxx_^|xx_L     ) 

The  second  thesis  has  irregularly  a  secondary  accent  in : 
|)a  Byrhtn6«  brSed,  162*,  x  ^  I  x  ^ 

Total  numbers  in  B :  57,  70,  7,  17. 

C.  x_^|^x. 

The  rhythm  in  C  is  iambic-trochaic  : 
on  flot  feran,  41%  x^|_^x  2,    7,    2,    1 

The  first  thesis  expanded,  as  e.g. : 
}>a  he  gemot  hsef de,  199^,  x  x  x  ^  |  ^  x 

J)onne  hit  senig  meets  W8ere,195^  xxxxx^i^x 

The  second  arsis  may  be  short,  as  e.g. : 
ofer  ])one  ford  faran,  88%  xxxx^i^x         4,    5,    2,    1 

The  second  stress  may  be  on  a  syllable  with  a  secondary 
accent,  as  e.g.: 

«aes  dsegweorces,  148%  x^l^x  |  ^ 

«ara  5e  mid  Anlafe,  B  26%  xxxx_^|^x^''      '      ' 

The  ending  -eiide  of  the  participle,  and  the  derivative 
syllables  -lire,  -ing,  -ung  and  -er  may  bear  the  second  stress: 
)>ser  com  flowende,  65%  x  x  ^  |  ^  x 

unwaclTce,  308%  x^|2^x  5,    i 

«[er  wear?)  wTcin.Gfiim,  116%  xxj^|:^x  1,     1 


I 


23,     2, 


INTRODUCTION.  XVll 

gy f  hi  ])a  geearnimga,  196%         x  x  x  x  ^  1 1_  x 
m  he  o])erne,  143%  x  x  x  |  ^  x 

The  second  stress  on  a  short  syllable,  as  e.(/. : 
and  se  sesch^re,  69^,  x  x  ^  |  ^  x  ^ 

se  (5e  nil  fram  pis  wigplegan,  >  10,  3,    2,    2 

316%  xxxxx^l^x  ) 

The  ending -671  of  the  past  participle  and  the  middle  syllable 
of  verbs  of  the  2.  w.  conj.  may  have  this  secondary  accent : 
unbef ohtene,  57%  x  x  ^  |  ^  x  2, 

pe  wile  gealgean,  52%  xxx^l^x  3,    1 

Total  numbers  in  C  :  46,  47,  13,  7. 

The  rhythm  in  type  D^  is  monosyllabic-bacchic. 

The  syllable  with  the  secondary  accent  is  generally  long. 
This  secondary  accent  may  be  borne  by  the  participial  end- 
ing, by  the  derivative  syllables  -Itce,  -in^,  -ig,  -eim,  and  by 
the  middle  syllable  of  verbs  of  the  2.  w.  conj.: 

beam  ^If rices,  209%  ^l^xx           2,    4,    1 

brimllSendra,  27%  ^l-^xX                — ,    2 

f eaht  f Eestllce,  254%  ^  I  -^  x  x 

garmittinge,  B  50%  ^l-^x  x 

guma  ]S"ort5erne,  B  18%  wxi^^c  x 

gri«  fsestnian,  35%  -^l-^wX      1,    5,—,    3 

grim  guSplega,  61%  -^l-^vlyX      2 

With  anacrusis  and  a  short  second  arsis,  as  e.g. : 
wis  ])a  fynd  w^redon,  82^,  x  x  x  I  ^  ^  x  1,4 

The  first  arsis  may  be  followed  by  an  unaccented  syllable^ 
as  e.g.  : 

eorlas  Anlafes,  B  31% 
gehyrst  |)u  sselida,  45% 
wiindum  werige,  303%  ^x|x^x      i,  _,  _ ,    i 


^x  1^^  X  > 


XVlll  INTRODUCTION. 

The  first  arsis  is  followed  by  a  syllable  with  a  secondary 
accent  in  : 
By rhtwold  ma}>elode,  309%  -^  $<  |  wx  $<  x  2 

Quite  irregular  are  : 
gr^digne  guShafoc,  B  64%       ^x  x  \JLl,x  (?)     (x  x  x_^;:^x) 
wodon  pa  weel wulfas,  96%        ^xx|^^x(?)     (xxx^^x) 
hew8esonNor6hymbron,266%  — X  x  |^x  x 
Oifa  ]>one  saelidan,  286%        xx  x  x  l^;:^ x 
wyrcan  ))one  wlhagan,  102%  Jixxxj^^i^x  (?)  (xxxx^^x) 

The  rhythm  in  D^  is  monosyllabic-cretic  : 
har  hilderinc,  B  39%  ^  I  ^  x  $< 

In  a  succession  of  three  words  the  second  has  a  stronger 
stress  than  the  third.  The  third  is  somewhat  subordinate 
either  logically  or  grammatically  to  the  second  : 

earn  seftaii  hwit,  B  63%  >  ^|_^x5<      0,    5,    2,    2 

ord  in  gewod,  157*,         ) 

se  flod  ut  gewat,  72%  x\^\^x^      1,    1 

The  first  arsis  followed  by  an  unaccented  syllable : 
werig,  wiges  seed,  B  20%  ^x  |^x  $^  2,    i,    2 

Total  numbers  in  D  :  28,  23,  19,  7. 

E.  ^><x|^ 

The  rhythm  in  type  E  is  bacchic-monosyllabic  : 
lidmanna  sum,  164%  ^x  x  1^    10,    7,    3,    1 

iESelredes  card,  53%  ^l>x\-L     2,    i 

With  the  secondary  accent  on  a  derivative  syllable  : 
wicinga  fir,  26%  -^xX|-^  3 

ifcttrynne  ord,  47%  ^xXU  2 

sii])erne  gear,  134%  ^x  x  |^ 

ofstllce  sceat,  143%  ^x  x  |^  1,    1 

blodigne  gar,  154%  -^x^\— 


INTRODUCTION.  XIX 

With  anacrusis,  as  e.g.  : 
ongunnon  ly tegiau  pa,  80%        x  x  x  |  wx ;:^  x  |^  9,    1 

The  thesis  expanded  to  two  syllables  : 
wselraeste  geceas,  113^  J-x^^\  — 

With  an  unaccented  syllable  after  the  first  arsis  : 
ealdorlangne  tir,  B  3%  ^x^x\j_ 

sdv  him  Wlgellnes  beam,  300%  x  x  |  _^  x  ^  x  |  _z. 

In  a  succession  of  three  words  the  third  has  a  stronger 
stress  than  the  second.     The  second  is  logically  or  gram- 
matically subordinate  to  the  first  or  third  : 
aElfwine  ))ca  cw^6,  211%  ^;:^ x  x  |_^     2 

ne  Anlaf  Sy  ma,  B  46%  xi_^^x|^— ,    i,  _,    i 

By  the  addition  of  a  final  thesis  E  becomes  A  (bacchic- 
trochaic)  : 
Wulfmser  se  geonga,  155%  ^^x\_lx  8,    8 

This  final  syllable  may  have  a  secondary  accent  : 
^IfnoS  and  Wulfmser,  183%  J-^x\_l^  3 

Total  numbers  in  E  :  41,  22,  3,  3. 

1*  and  172^  fail;  1^  is  defective;  B  38%  being  a  foreign 
proper  name,  was  not  included  in  the  above.  90*  is  quite 
irregular ;  it  may  be  treated  as  if  an  additional  foot  had 
been  added  to  a  normal  half-line.  In  the  expanded  lines 
of  the  earlier  writers  such  a  foot  is  added  before  and  not 
after  : 
alyfan  landes  to  f ela  x  |  ^  x  |  ^  x  |  x  wx 

The  same  type  is  often  found  in  a  succession  of  lines,  cf. 
e.g.  the  first  half-lines  7-15,  30-37,  B  10-13  ;  the  second 
half-lines  284-6,  167-71,  B  21-5,  55-8.  Occasionally  the 
exact  same  form  is  found  in  both  halves  of  a  line,  as  e.g.  in 
18,  199,  B  10,  44. 


XX  LNTKODUCTION. 

III.    Alliteration. 

There  are  172  cases  in  the  first  poem  and  35  in  the  sec- 
ond of  double  alliteration,  146  and  38  of  triple.  Several 
of  the  lines  with  double  alliteration  have,  however,  a  second 
alliterating  letter  :  19,  30,  34,  68,  98,  151,  159,  170,  189, 
197,  255,  256,  285,  320,  B  33.  Line  29  has  one  s  in  the 
first  half,  two  in  the  second  ;  Rieger  suggests  that  it  be 
read  :  me  s^ndon  swm^n  snelle  to  pe.  32  and  192  have 
quadruple  alliteration  of  (j  ;  271  (st:  s,  s)  and  the  defective 
lines  1  and  172  are  without  alliteration  ;  183  (w  :  tv)  is  very 
doubtful. 

In  the  first  poem  the  labials  are  most  numerously  rep- 
resented, 90 ;  then  come  the  gutturals,  68  ;  vowels,  54 ;  w, 
45 ;  dentals,  44  ;  liquids,  18 ;  nasals,  13.  In  the  second 
poem  :  gutturals,  19  ;  vowels,  15  ;  labials,  14 ;  dentals,  11 ; 
w,  6  ;  nasals,  5  ;  liquids,  4.  The  consonants  are  represented 
as  follows  :  MaLdon :  /,  49  ;  w,  45  ;  ^,  40  ;  h,  36  ;  ^,  24  ; 
m  and  s,  13  each  ;  I  and  6,  12  each  ;  c,  8 ;  st,  1  \  r,  6;  o?,  5; 
sc,  4 ;  sp,2  ',  p  and  t,  1  each.  Brumianhurh  :  7i,  8 ;  /and  s, 
7  each;  b,  c,  and  w,  6  each ;  ^,  5  ;  Z,  4  ;  m,  3;  d,  n,  and  sc, 
2  each,  hr  seems  to  alliterate  with  h  in  30  and  288  ;  with 
r  in  161. 

Strict  rules  for  vowel-alliteration  seem  to  require  that 
the  vowels  be  different.  The  same  vowel  is  found,  how- 
ever, in  the  following  cases  of  double  alliteration  :  151, 196, 
218,  222,  280,  314.  Two  of  the  three  vowels  are  the  same 
in  53,  233,  238. 

When  one  alliterative  syllable  is  found  in  the  first  half- 
line,  this  should  be  regularly  at  the  first  stress.  Sixty-three 
exceptions  to  this  occur  in  the  first  poem,  but  only  two  in 
the  second. 

Th(^  second  arsis  of  the  second  half-line  has  the  allitera- 
tion in  45,  75,  288.     The  more  strongly  accented  of  the  two 


INTKODUCTION.  XXI 

arses  in  189^,  which  shows  two  alliterating  letters,  is  the 
second  ;  Eieger  proposes  to  read  :  ye  hia  Jddford  dhte.  315^ 
has  the  important  word  a  in  the  thesis.  Kieger  takes  it  to 
bear  an  arsis  and  proposes  to  change  the  line  to  mcvg  gnor- 
nian  d.  The  rule  that  the  most  important  words  should 
have  the  principal  stress  is  further  violated  in  several  other 
cases  in  Maldon  —  most  markedly  in  7%  107^  (cf.  126)  and 
209^.  Zernial  notes  that  the  pronoun  never  has  the  alliter- 
ation in  cases  like  325%  where  one  would  expect  se  and 
not  GodrJc  to  have  the  stress,  cf.  Beowulf  506,  Eai^t  \u  se 
Beowulf. 

Adverbs  frequently  bear  the  alliteration  of  the  second 
half-line  in  Maldon,  thus  :  e.g.,  5,  12,  20,  22,  25,  55,  57,  58, 
60,  66,  84,  93,  97,  100 ;  in  Bruymanburh  only  four  times  : 
33,  66,  69,  70. 

The  same  alliterating  letter  is  found  several  times  in  two 
successive  lines  ;  twice  only  in  more  than  two  :  51-3,  95-8. 
First  half-lines  with  one  alliterative  syllable  also  occur 
frequently  in  succession,  as  e.g.  5-7,  35-7,  50-2. 


IV.  Rime. 

Kime  is  an  occasional  ornament  of  O.E.  verse.  When  the 
riming  words  are  found  in  the  same  half-line,  the  rime  is 
said  to  be  sectional  ;  end-rimes  serve  to  unite  more  closely 
the  two  halves  of  the  same  line,  or  more  rarely,  any  two 
halves  of  adjacent  lines. 

In  our  poems  suffixal  masculine  rimes  are  frequent,  as 
e.g.  in  3,  4,  18,  19,  B  22^.  Other  forms  are  less  common, 
no  perfect  rimes,  not  suffixal,  being  found  in  Brunnanburh. 

a)  Sectional,     i)  Masculine  : 

bord  and  brad  swurd  15* 
[earn  aeses  georn  107'^] 


XXll  LNTllODUCTION. 

bord  ord  110^ 

eorl  to  pfim  ceorle  132^ 

ii)  Imperfect : 

Myrce  ne  wyrndon  B  24^ 
wundiim  forgruuden  i>  43^ 

iii)  Etymological  : 

wigan  wTgheardne  75*^ 
wigan  to  wlge  235* 

b)  End.     i)  Masculine  : 

ord  :  swurd  47 

fiod  :  froda  B  36*-7* 

ii)  Masculine — suffixal  : 

ongan  :  trymian  17,  88^-9%  265 

iii)  Feminine  : 

gehealdan  :  wealdan  167*-8* 
stunde  :  wunde  271 
bro))or :  oper  282 

iv)  Feminine — suffixal  : 

hafenode  :  ma?)elode  42,  309 

v)  Imperfect  rime  and  assonance  : 
standan  :  randas  19*-20* 
ahof  :  stop  130^-1^ 
man  :  ))anc  147 
cwaeS :  sprsec  211 
leofan  m^n  :  licgan  ))^nce  319 
tungol  :    grundiis  V>  14'-;")^ 
soliton  :  ofercOmon  B  71^-2^ 


INTKODUCTION.  XXlll 

V.  Enjambement. 

Zernial  notes  that  in  Maldon  the  verse  and  sentence  end 
together  much  more  frequently  than  in  Beowulf,  or  in  other 
words,  that  enjamhement  is  much  less  common  :  in  325 
lines  of  Beowulf,  from  194  on,  there  are  only  75  cases  j  in 
Maldoii,  260.  Brunnanhiirh  stands  between  the  two,  32 
cases  being  found  in  its  73  lines. 

VI.  Summary. 

The  metrical  tradition  is,  as  we  should  expect  from  the 
dates  of  the  poems,  better  preserved  in  Brunnanburh  than 
in  Maldon.  In  both,  the  poets  still  know  how  to  conform 
to  the  old  laws  with  no  mean  skill,  and  yet  in  both,  and 
especially  in  Maldon,  traces  of  decay,  or  of  development 
into  the  Septenar,  are  plainly  visible. 


TESTIMONIES. 
Battle  of  Maldon. 


In  the  speeches  of  heralds  and  warriors  before  the  fight, 
in  the  speeches  and  single  combats  of  the  chiefs,  in  the  loud 
laugh  and  mock  which  follow  a  good  death-stroke,  in  the 
rapid  rush  of  the  verse  when  the  battle  is  joined,  the  poem, 
though  broken,  as  Homer's  verse  is  not,  is  Homeric.  In 
the  rude  chivalry  which  disdains  to  take  vantage  ground  of 
the  Danes,  in  the  way  in  which  the  friends  and  churls  of 
Brihtnoth  die  one  by  one,  avenging  their  lord,  keeping 
faithful  the  tie  of  kinship  and  clanship,  in  the  cry  not  to 


XXIV  INTKODUCTION. 

yield  a  foot's  breadth  of  earth,  in  the  loving  sadness  with 
wliich  home  is  spoken  of,  the  poem  is  English  to  the  core. 
And  in  the  midst  of  it  all,  like  a  song  from  another  land, 
but  a  song  heard  often  in  English  fights  from  then  till  now, 
is  the  last  prayer  of  the  great  earl,  when  dying  he  commends 
his  soul  with  thankfulness  to  God.  —  Stopfobd  Brooke, 
Eriglish  Literature,  New  York,  1877,  §  14. 

n. 

Next  in  importance  to  these  legendary  poems  are  the  two 
historical  pieces  Byrhtnoth  and  Brunnanburg,  the  former 
purely  narrative,  the  latter  showing  a  decided  lyrical  tinge. 
Byrhtnoth  is  meagre  in  form,  being  in  fact  little  better  than 
alliterative  prose,  yet  shows  considerable  dramatic  power, 
and  is  animated  throughout  by  a  strong  patriotic  feeling. 
.  .  .  This  historical  character  gives  the  poem  its  special 
interest ;  in  it  we  recognize  the  epic  song  in  its  most  i)rimi- 
tive  stage,  unaltered  and  unadorned  by  tradition.  —  Sweet, 
in  Warton^s  History  of  EnyUsli  Poetry,  1871. 

ni. 

Although  the  poem  does  not  show  the  high  technical  fin- 
ish of  the  older  works,  it  is  full  of  dramatic  power  and  warm 
feeling.  —  Sweet,  A.  S.  Header,  4th  ed.,  p.  138. 

IV. 

The  longest  and  grandest  of  our  old  songs.  —  Fkeeman, 
Old  English  History,  p.  191. 


The  exploits  and  death  of  tlio  valiant  Ealdorman  were 
sung  in  strains  wliich  rank  among  the  noblest  efforts  of 
Teutonic  poetry.  .  .  . 


LNTRODUCTION.  XXV 

[The]  names  and  exploits  [of  Byrhtnoth's  special  com- 
rades] are  handed  down  to  us  in  verses  breathing  the  true 
fire  of  the  warlike  minstrelsy  common  to  Greek  and  Teuton. 
—  Freeman,  Norman  Conquest,  i. 

VI. 

Inzwischen  war  die  historische  Dichtung  im  Volke  nicht 
untergegangen  und  im  lebendigen  Volksgesang  lebte  noch 
echte  Poesie.  Ein  kostliches  Denkmal  solcher  Poesie,  ein 
Lied,  aus  dem  unmittelbaren  Eindruck  des  Ereignisses, 
welches  es  feiert,  hervorgegangen,  hat  uns  die  Gunst  des 
Geschicks,  wenn  auch  nicht  vollstandig,  so  doch  zum  gross- 
ten  Theil  erhalten.  .  .  .  Yoll  von  dramatischem  Leben  und 
von  jener  Wahrheit,  die  aus  unmittelbarer  Anschauung  her- 
vorgeht,  tief  empfunden  und  in  klarer  Zeichnung  gewaltig 
ausgefiihrt,  gehort  das  Lied  von  Byrhtnoths  Eall  zu  den 
Perlen  altenglischer  Dichtung.  In  scharfem  Gegensatz  zu 
dem  Lied  von  Brunanburh,  tritt  das  lyrische  Element  hier 
viel  mehr  zuriick  als  sogar  im  Beow^ilf.  Die  Darstellung 
ist  einfach,  markig,  edel,  mit  der  des  Epos  verglichen, 
knapp,  ja  ntichtern ;  was  zum  Theil  aus  der  Verschiedenheit 
der  poetischen  Gattungen,  zum  Theil  aus  dem  Abstand  der 
Zeiten  sich  erklart.  Der  Grundzug  des  Kationalgeistes 
aber  ist  sich  gleich  geblieben  und  damit  auch  der  Grund- 
charakter  der  nationalen  Kunst.  Wie  die  Ideen  des  Comi- 
tats  und  des  Heldenthums  hier  noch  ihre  voile  Kraft  und 
Wirkung  behaupten,  so  ist  die  Dichtung  noch  im  Vollbesitz 
der  ^littel,  die  zu  ihrer  Darstellung  nothwendig  sind.  — 
Ten  Brink,  Geschichte  der  Englischen  Literatiir,  i.  117-8, 122. 

VII. 

This  is  but  a  fragment,  though  a  large  one,  of  a  poem 
which  presents  a  vivid  picture  of  Anglo-Saxon  patriotism 
and  heroic  sentiment,  in  an  age  more  or  less  fraught  with 


XXVI  INTRODUCTION. 

evil  to  the  nation  from  the  incessant  attacks  of  its  Danish 
enemies,  [and]  only  makes  us  regret  that  it  has  not  come  down 
to  us  entire.  Byrhtnoth  is  a  fine  specimen  of  the  warrior- 
nobleman  of  the  time  and  people,  ready  to  peril  his  life  in 
the  service  of  his  liege  lord.  .  .  .  The  feelings  to  which  the 
"ealderman"  gives  utterance  while  lying  on  the  "camp- 
stede,"  apart  from  the  generous  courage  that  he  has  dis- 
played against  the  "wicings,"  strongly  interest  us  in  his 
fate  ;  while  equally  characteristic  are  the  speeches  attrib- 
uted to  his  followers  .  .  .  when  they  resolve  to  perish  on 
the  field,  or  avenge  the  death  of  their  lord.  —  Klipstein, 
Analecta  Anglo- Saxonica. 

VIII. 

In  einem  grosseren  Stile  [als  Brunnanburh]  und  bereits 
im  Charakter  des  Epos  ist  ein  andres  historisches  Gedicht 
verfasst.  .  .  [Der]  Tod  des  Fiihrers  ist  der  Hohepunkt  der 
Dichtung,  wo  auch  mit  Recht  die  Darstellung  am  ausfuhr- 
lichsten  ist.  .  .  . 

So  ist  der  letzte  Abschnitt  der  Dichtung  eine  begeisterte 
Verherrlichung  der  alten  germanischen  Vasallentreue,  in 
einer  reichen  und  doch  nicht  ermiidenden  Ausfiihrung. 
Uberhaupt  nimmt  diese  Dichtung,  deren  Stil  auch  durch 
grossere  Einfachheit  und  Keinlieit  des  Kolorits,  mochte  ich 
sagen,  und  ein  rascheres  Fortschreiten  von  dem  der  alteren 
Epik  unterscheidet,  unter  den  epischen  Werken  des  Mittel- 
alters  eine  hervorragende  Stelle  ein.  Es  zeichnet  sie  auch 
eine  schone  Einheit  und  Gliederung  der  Composition,  soweit 
wir  iiber  dieselbe  urtheilen  konnen,  aus  :  wie  der  ausftihr- 
lich  geschilderte  Tod  des  Helden  die  Mitte  bildet,  so  bereitet 
der  erste  Theil  ebenso  auf  ihn  vor,  wie.  der  dritte  und  letzte 
die  an  dem  Feinde  genommene  Blutrache  als  Folge  des  To- 
des  zuni  Gegonstand  h;it.  Wenn  des  Helden  Ubermuth, 
der  aber  in  seiner  Tapferkeit  wurzelt,  seinen  Untergang 


ESrTRODUCTION.  XXVll 

herbeifiilirt,  so  wird  er  gesiihnt  durcli  die  Liebe  seiner 
Herdgeuossen,  die  sich  in  ihrer  ihn  raclienden  Aufopferung 
bewahrt.  So  ist  Byrhtnoth  audi  ini  itstlietisclien  Sinne  der 
wahre  Held  der  Dichtung.  —  Ebert,  Allgemeine  Geschichte 
der  Literatur  des  Mlttelalters  im  Ahendlande,  iii.  517. 

IX. 

It  comes  nearest  to  the  Homeric  standard  of  war-songs. 
Dialogue  and  action  blend  ;  the  men  encourage  each  other ; 
challenge  is  answered  by  defiance.  The  whole  is  related  with 
a  precision  of  style  that  is  rare  in  Old  English.  —  Brother 
AzARiAS,  Development  of  English  Literature,  N.Y.,  1879. 

X. 

Eine  Erscheinung  ersten  Kanges  in  der  angelsachsischen 
Poesie,  obwohl  eine  der  jlmgsten,  ist  das  Bruchstiick  von 
ByrhtnoS's  Fall.  Die  Ftille  des  dichterischen  Stiles  hat 
hier  schon  abgenommen,  aber  kaum  zum  Nachtheil  des  von 
dramatischem  Leben  erftillten  Werkes,  an  dessen  vaterlan- 
dischem  und  selbsterlebtem  Stoffe  die  Empfindung  des 
Dichters  eine  eigene  Kraft  und  Inbrunst  gewinnt.  Es  ist 
so  unmittelbar  nach  dem  ungllicklichen  Heldenkampfe  von 
Maeldun  entstanden,  dass  sein  Dichter  noch  keinen  einzigen 
der  Eeiiide,  die  doch  nachher  langere  Zeit  und  als  Freunde 
in  England  blieben,  nicht  einmal  ihren  Fiihrer  Olaf  zu 
nennen  weiss  und,  nach  Art  der  Augenzeugen,  von  ihnen 
nicht  mehr  sagt  als  man  von  der  englischen  Schlachtreihe 
aus  wahrnehmen  musste.  Dieses  Denkmal  ist  das  einzige, 
das  uns  bezeugt,  wie  unsere  alte  nationale  Dichtung  Ereig- 
nisse  der  unmittelbaren  Gegenwart  mit  der  vollen  Wiirde 
des  Epos  zu  ergreifen  wusste  :  ein  Denkmal  historischer 
Gelegenheitsdichtung,  neben  dem  sich  die  klosterhafte  Ge- 
mtitlichkeit  des  Ludwigliedes  gar  klaglich  ausnimmt. — 
K.IEGER,  Alt-  und  Angelsdchsisches  Lesebiicli,  Giessen,  1861. 


XXVm  INTIIODUCTION. 

XI. 

The  finest  of  all  [O.E.  poems  celebrating  public  or  war- 
like events]  is  the  spirited  and  picturesque  poem  which 
relates  the  fall  of  the  brave  chief  Byrhtnoth  at  Maldon.  — 
Spalding,  English  Literature,  New  York,  1860. 

XII. 

It  constitutes  a  battle-piece  of  spirited  execution,  mixed 
with  short  speeches  from  the  principal  warriors,  conceived 
with  much  force,  variety,  and  character  :  the  death  of  the 
hero  is  also  very  graphically  described.  .  .  .  (The  Editor) 
conceives  its  merit  to  be  such  as  to  render  any  collection  of 
Saxon  poetry  imperfect  in  which  it  should  not  be  included. 
—  Daniel  Conybeare,  in  J.  J.  Conyheare's  Illustrations. 

XIII. 

Die  Dichtung  giebt  ihrem  Inhalte  nach  ein  so  lebendiges 
Bild  der  echten  Mannentreue,  wie  es  kraftvoller  und  scho- 
ner  die  germanische  Poesie  nicht  aufweisen  kann  :  den 
trefflichsten  Beleg  fur  das  bekannte  Wort  des  Tacitus^: 
Turpe  principi  virtute  vinci,  turpe  comitatui  virtutem 
principis  non  adaequare.  Jam  vero  infamo  in  omnem  vitam 
ac  probosum  superstitem  principi  suo  ex  acie  recessisse. 

Demnach  bewegt  sich  denn  das  Lied  auf  Byrhtnoth s 
Fall  auch  nach  dem  Inhalt  seines  Stils  ganz  und  gar  in  dem 
Leben  seiner  Zeit  :  es  giebt  uns  wenn  auch  ein  enger  um- 
rahmtes  Bild  der  damaligen  Zustande  im  alten  Angeln- 
lande  als  das  grosse  Epos,  so  doch  ein  ebenso  anscliaulich 
wahres  ;  nicht  minder  nilhert  es  sich,  wie  wir  friiher  ge- 
sehen,  in  der  Form  seines  Stiles  der  vollen  Wiirde  des 
eigentlichen  Volksepos.  So  ist  diese  historische  Gelegen- 
hcitsdichtung,  obgleich  oine  der  jtingsten  unter  denen  der 
altesten  Zeit,  ein  hervorragondes  DtMikinal  altgin-manischer 

1  Gerinania,  chap,  14. 


INTRODUCTION.  XXIX 

volkstiimlicher  Epik,  das  den  Grundzug  des  angelsachsi- 
sclieu  Nationalgeistes  ebenso  treu  und  wahr  erkennen  lasst, 
wie  er  in  den  friihsten  und  grossten  epischen  Schopfungen 
sich  ausspricht,  das  aber  auch  den  Grundcharakter  der 
nationalen  Kunst  in  einem  inhaltlich  und  formell  echt 
epischen  Stile  sich  bewahrt  hat,  den  iiberhaupt  unter  den 
germanischen  Stammen  nur  die  Angelsachsen  nach  ihrer 
Trennung  von  den  andern  Westgermanen  als  ihr  eigenstes 
Werk  geschaffen  haben.  —  Zerxial's  Das  Lied  von  Byrht- 
noths  Fall,  Berlin,  1882,  pp.  11,  24. 

XIV. 

yfe  cannot  but  admire  the  pithy  and  straightforward  story 
in  the  poem,  told  without  hesitation  or  redundance.  .  .  . 

It  is  one  of  our  most  direct  and  characteristic  war-songs, 
with  short  speeches  from  the  chief  warriors  in  an  almost 
dramatic  style.  "  The  poem  approximates  in  the  general 
features  of  its  composition  to  the  battle  scenes  in  Homer  ; 
if  the  names  of  Byrhtnoth  and  Godric  could  be  substituted 
for  Patroclus  and  Menelaus  ....  it  might  be  read  like  a 
version  of  one  of  the  military  narratives  of  the  great  father 
and  fountain  of  poetry."  —  Eobinson,  Early  English  Lit- 
erature, London,  1885. 

Battle    of    Brunnanburh. 

I. 

Das  Gedicht  scheint  nicht  von  einem  Manne  herzuriihren, 
welcher  der  Schlacht  beigewohnt  hatte.  Wenigstens  erfah- 
ren  wir  daraus  sachlich  nur  soviel  als  sich  in  einer  kurzen 
chronistischen  Notiz  hatte  sagen  lassen.  Es  fehlt  dera 
Liede  an  der  epischen  Anschaulichkeit  und  der  unmittel- 
baren  Gewalt  des  Yolksliedes  und  eben  so  sehr  an  poetischer 


XXX  INTKODUCTION. 

Erfiiidung.  Die  patriotisclie  Begeisterung  aber,  von  der  es 
getragen  wird,  der  lyrische  Schwung,  der  es  durchzielit, 
verfelilen  ihre  Wirkung  nicht  ;  der  reine  Versbau,  der 
glanzende  Stil  dieser  Dichtung,  in  der  die  reichen  von  der 
Nationalepik  iiberlieferten  Mittel  so  gliicklich  verwertliet 
werden,  erregen  Bewunderung.  —  Ten  Brink,  Gesclikhte 
der  EiKjlischeii  Llteratur,  i.  llG-7. 

II. 

The  king's  victory  at  Briinnanburh  sung  in  noblest  war- 
song.  —  Green,  SJtort  History  of  the  English  Feople. 

III. 

Dieses  Lied,  noch  ganz  erflillt  von  der  alten,  ecbt  deut- 
schen  Freude  am  Kampfe,  ist  jedes  Falles  nicht  lange  nach 
dem  Kampfe  gedichtet,  wie  sich  daraus  ergibt,  dass  die 
Eindriicke  der  Schlacht  noch  ganz  lebendig  vor  der  Seele 
stehen.  —  Ettmuller,  Handbuch,  141. 

IV. 

Vivnm  carmen  et  bellantium  fortitudine,  ut  ita  dicam, 
repletum.  Longe  idcirco  Theodiscum  Hugbaldi  carmen 
superat,  quo  Hliidovici  III.  Francorum  regis  victoria  de 
Nordmannis  anno  DCCCLXXXII  deportata  collaudatur. — 
Ettmltller,  Scopas. 

V. 

The  language  and  metre  are  dignified  and  harmonious, 
but  there  is  a  perceptible  tendency  to  bombast  and  over- 
charging with  epithets,  while  the  finest  passages  have  rather 
the  character  of  reminiscences  from  the  common  poetical 
traditions  tlian  of  original  invention.  Nevertheless  as  a 
whole  it  is  a  noble  ])oem,  and  stands  alone  in  our  literature. 
—  Sweet,  in   Wartou^s  History  of  Enyllsli  Foetry. 


LNTRODUCTION.  XXXI 

VI. 

One  [of  the  poems  celebrating  public  or  warlike  events] 
is  a  vigorous  song  on  ^thelstan's  victory  at  Brunanburh. 
—  Spalding's  English  Literature. 

VII. 

Most  forcibly  is  the  sentiment  akin  to  the  national  feel- 
ing told  in  the  poetic  efforts  that  run.  through  the  latter 
parts  of  the  Chronicle.  ...  Of  superior  merit  is  the  Battle 
of  Brunanburh.  Passages  in  it  recall  the  spirit  of  Beowulf 
or  the  war-strophes  of  Cedmon.  The  poem  must  have  been 
the  war-lyric  of  that  day.  .  .  .  The  alliteration,  the  constant 
repetition  of  the  same  expression  in  short  lines  for  sake  of 
emphasis  —  all  remind  one  of  the  hammering  of  swords 
that  must  have  gone  to  make  this  war-play.  It  is  a  chaunt 
that  in  its  day  must  have  been  soul-stirring.  Cunningly 
did  the  poet  weave  into  his  lyric  not  only  the  event  of 
Athelstan's  victory,  but  the  fact  of  the  conquest  of  the 
chief  part  of  the  island  of  Britain.  —  Brother  Azarias, 
Development  of  English  Literature,  New  York,  1879. 

VIII. 

Das  bedeutendste  der  Gedichte  [der  Chronik],  das  allein 
wahren  asthetischen  Werth  hat,  ist  das  erste.  .  .  .  Es  ist 
ein  Triumphlied,  von  patriotischem  Stolze  getragen.  — 
Ebert,  Allgemeine  Geschichte  der  Liter atur  des  Mittelalters 
im  Abendlande,  iii.  517. 

IX. 

Es  giebt  eine  sehr  lebendige  Schilderung  des  Kampfes 
und  reiht  sich  den  vorher  genannten  episehen  Dichtungen 
[Beoivulf  u.  a.]  wiirdig  zur  Seite.  —  Grein,  Grammatik, 
Kassel,  1880. 


XXXll  INTRODUCTION. 


LIST    OF    SYLLABLES    MARKED    LONG 
IN    THE    MSS. 

I. 

Battle  of  Maldon. 
£fer  290 ;  ea  63  ;  god  315. 

II. 

Battle  of  Brunnanburh. 

MS.  A: 

bee  68 ;  eac  2,  19,  30,  37  ;  ecgum  4,  68  ;  f6r5  20  ;  hafoc  64  ;  hamas 
10  ;  har  39 ;  on  29,  36,  41,  43,  49,  51,  54,  65,  66  ;  secgas  13  ;  tid  14  ; 
tir  3  ;  up  13  ;  wiges  20. 

MS.  B: 

gebgeded  33  ;   bee  68  ;   b6rdweall  5  ;    brucan  63  ;  c6m  37  ;  Constan- 
tiiius  38  ;    eae  2,  37  ;   flod  30  ;    fioda  37  ;    gar  50 ;   hamas  10 ;  bar  39 
liord  10  ;  hwit  63  ;  lafum  6,  laf  54  ;  mare  65  ;  mode  56  ;  gemotes  50 
padan  61 ;    imrim  31 ;    geslogaii  4  ;    tid  14  ;    tir  3  ;    >6rfte  39  ;    ut  35 
gewat  35. 

MS.  C: 

anlaf  46  ;  arhwate  73  ;  ^ses  63  ;  bee  68 ;  com  37  ;  flot  35  ;  bar  39  ; 
bra  60  ;  generode  {mark  over  n)  36  ;  on  35  ;  sab  17  ;  tir  3  ;  to  17  ;  J>§, 
pi.  57  ;  \>§bv  32,  {over  r)  37  ;  l^^es  68 ;  hy  46  ;  Cmrim  31 ;  us  68  ;  ut  35 ; 
gewat  35. 

MS.  D: 

afaran  52  ;  bee  68  ;  cnear  35 ;  eac  2,  19,  30,  37  ;  e^r  26  ;  flotan  32  ; 
gar  50  ;  gita  66  ;  heafOc  64  ;  laf  54,  Anlaf  46  ;  rinc  39  ;  tid  14  ;  unrim 
31 ;  ap  13.  70. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


I.     BATTLE   OF   MALDON. 
A.     Editions. 

1726.  Johannis  Glastoniensis  Chronica  sive  Historia  de  Rebus 
Glastoniensibus.  Ed.  Th.  Hearnius.  Vol.  2.  Oxonii. 
Pp.  570-7. 

1834.  B.  Thorpe's  Analecta  Anglo-Saxonica.     Pp.  131-41. 

1835.  Collectanea  Anglo-Saxonica  maximam  partem  nunc  primum 
edita  et  vocabulario  illustrata  a  Ludv.  Chr.  Miiller.  Hav- 
nige.     Pp.  52-62. 

1847.  F.  W.  Ebeling's  Lesebuch.     Pp.  85-93. 

1849.  L.  Klipstein's  Analecta  Anglo-Saxonica.     Vol.  ii.  261-79. 

1850.  L.  EttmiiUer's  Scopas.     Pp.  133-40. 
1857.  Chr.  Grein's  Bibliothek.     Vol.  i.  343-52. 
1861.  M.  Rieger's  Lesebuch.     Pp.  84-94. 

1876.    H.  Sweet's  Anglo-Saxon   Reader.      Pp.  133-44.     4th  ed. 

1884.     Pp.  138-48. 
1880.    K.  Korner's  Einleitung  in  das  Studium  des  Angelsachsi- 

schen.     2.  Teil :    Texte.     Heilbronn.     Pp.  72-88. 
1883.    R.  WtOker's  Bibliothek.     Vol.  i.  358-73. 
1888.    F.  Kluge's  Lesebuch.     Halle.     Pp.  120-7. 
1891.    J.  W.   Bright's   Anglo-Saxon  Reader.      New  York.      Pp. 

149-59.     3d  ed.     1894. 

B.     Manuscript,  Collations,  and  Textual  Criticism. 

1705.    H.  Wanley's  Catalogus.     P.  232. 

1865.    Chr.  Grein  in  Pfeiffer's  Germania.     Vol.  x.  422. 

1882.    R.Wiilker's  Kleinere  angelsachsische  Dichtungen.  Pp.  55-65. 


XXXIV  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

C.     Prosody. 
1883.    F.  Kluge  in  Paul-Braune's  Beitrage.    Vol.  x.     Pp.  422-50. 

Z).     Translations. 
ol)   Complete : 
1826.    Conybeare,  Illustrations.     Pp.  xc-xcvi. 
1875.    Freeman,  Old  English  History.     199  ff. 

Morley,  English  Writers. 

W.  R.  Sims  in  Modern  Language  Notes.    Vol.  v.  275-86. 
1880.    Korner  (German). 

1882.    Zernial  (German),  Das  Lied  von  Byrhtnoth's  Fall.    Berlin. 
1885.    Robinson,  Early  English  Literature.      London. 
1889.    Garnett,    Elene,   Athelstan,    and    Byrhtnoth    Translated. 

Boston  (of.   Mod.  Lan.  Notes,  v.  166-71  ;    Eng.  Studien,,^ 

XV.  116  f£.  ;  Amer.  Jour,  of  PhU.,  xi.  101-6). 

h)  Partial : 

1836.    Turner  (after  Conybeare),  History  of   the  Anglo-Saxons. 

6th  ed. 
1842.    Th.  Wright,  Biographica  Britannia.    I.  29  ff.  (Anglo-Saxon 

opposite.) 

Arend  (Dutch),  Geschiedenis  der  Dichtkunst  en  Fraaije 

Letteren. 

1849.  Klipstein.     418  ff. 

1877.    Ten  Brink,  Geschichte  der  Englischen  Literatur.    I.  118  ff. 

E.     Critical,  Descriptive,  and  Bibliographical. 

1847.    J:ttmuller,  Handbuch. 

1850.  Ettmiiller,  Scopas. 

1885.    Wiilker's  Grundriss  zur  Geschichte  der  Angelsachsischen 
Litel'atur. 

(See  also  the  works  cited  in  the  Testimonies.) 


BIBLIOGRAPHY.  XXXV 

n.     BATTLE  OF  BRUNNANBURH. 

A.     Editions.! 

The  poem  is  to  be  found  in  the  several  editions  of  the  Chronicle  : 
1643.    HistorifB  Ecclesiasticse  gentis  Anglorum  libri  V  .  .  .  ed.  ab 

Abr.  Wheloc.     Cantabrigire.     Pp.  555-7. 
1692.    Chronicon    Saxonicum  .  .  .  edidit  Edm.   Gibson.     Oxonii. 

Pp.  112-4. 

1823.  J.  Ingram's  Saxon  Chronicle. 

1848.    Moniimenta  Historica  Britannica  .  .  .    Vol.  i.      Published 

by  Thorn.  Duff  us  Hardy.     London.     Pp.  383-90. 
18G1.    B.    Thorpe's    Anglo-Saxon    Chronicle.      London.      Vol.  i. 

Pp.  200-8.     (AU  the  MSS.  are  copied.) 
1865.    J.  Earle,  Two  of  the  Saxon  Chronicles  Parallel  .  .  .  ed.  with 

Introduction,  Notes,  and  a  Glossorial  Index  by  John  Earle. 

Oxford,  Clarendon  Press.     Pp.  112-5. 
1889.    Charles  Plummer,  Two  of  the  Saxon  Chronicles  Parallel 

(787-1001  A.D.)  with    Supplementary  Extracts  from  the 

Others  ...  on  the  Basis  of  an  Edition  by  John  Earle. 

Clarendon  Press. 
The  poem  is  further  to  be  found  in  : 
1703-5.    Hickesii  Thesaurus.     Vol.  i.  181-2. 
1773.    Scriptores  Rerum  Danicarum  Medii  2Evi.      Collegit  Jac. 

Langebeck.     Vol.  ii.  412-22. 
1776.    Tabulae  parallelse  antiquissimarum  Teutonicse  linguse  dia- 

lectorum  .  .  .  illustr.   opera   Car.    Michaeler.     Innsbruck. 

1776.     Pp.  228-40. 
1801.    EUis,  Specimens  of  the  Early  English  Poets.     Pp.  14-31. 

4th  ed.     1811. 

1824.  Thomas   Warton's  History  of  English  Poetry.      A   new 
edition   carefully   revised   (by  Richard  Price).      London. 

4th  ed.     1871.     Vol.  i.  150-62. 

1  This  poem  has  been  extremely  popular  with  editors.  Many  of  the 
editions  have,  however,  no  value  and  are  consequently  not  mentioned. 
Works  bearing  solely  on  the  mutual  relationship,  age,  etc.,  of  the  MSS. 
are  omitted. 


XXXVl  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

1835.    Mliller's  Collectanea  Anglo-Saxonica.     Pp.  49-51. 

1839.    EttniuUer's    Scopes    vidsidh.  Sangers    Weitfahrt.     zEdhel- 

stan's  Sieg  bei  Brunanbur. 
1847.    Ebeling's  Lesebuch. 

1849.  Klipstein's  Analecta  Anglo-Saxonica.     Vol.  ii.  325-9. 

1850.  Ettmiiller's  Scopas. 

1853.    Behnsch's  Geschichte  der  Englischen  Sprache  und  Literatur. 

(Lines  1-20.) 
1855  (circa).    Th.  Mliller's  Lesebuch. 
1857.    Chr.  Grein's  Bibliothek.     Vol.  i.  352-4. 
1861.    M.  Rieger's  Lesebuch. 

1880.    Korner's  Einleitung  in  das  Studium  des  Angelsachsischen. 
1883.    Wtilker's  Bibliothek.     Vol.  i.  374-9. 
1888.    F.  Kluge's  Lesebuch. 
1891.    J.  W.  Bright's  Anglo-Saxon  Reader.     3d  ed.     1894. 

B.     Manuscript,  Collations,  and  Textual  Criticism. 

1851.  P.  A.  Munch,  Bemerkungen  iiber  das  Gedicht,  in  Xorsk 
Tidskrift  for  Videnskab  og  Litteratur.  Udgivet  af  Chr.  C. 
A.  Lange.  Femte  Aargang.  Also  in  Munch's  Samlede 
Afhandlinger  .  .  .  Christiania.     1874. 

Sievers,  Collationen  angelsachsischer  Gedichte.  Ilaupt's 
Zeitschrift  f.  d.  Alterthum.     Vol.  xv.  462-3. 

1874.    Zupitza's  Ubungsbuch.     (All  four  MSS.) 

1882.  Wtilker's  Kleinere  angelsiichsische  Dichtungen  (readings 
of  the  four  MSS.).     See  also  Widker's  Bibliothek. 

C.     Translations. 

Latin  ones  are  to  be  found  in  the  editions  of  Wheloc,  Gibson, 

Ilickesius,  Langebeck,  and  INIichaeler. 
German,  in  the  editions  of  EttmiiUer  (Scopes  vidsidh),  Korner, 

and  Behnsch  (partial).      Also  in  ten  Brink's  Geschichte 

der  Englischen  Literatur,  vol.  i.  115  f. 
French,   in  Chateaubriand's    Essai    sur    la  Litt^rature   Anglaise. 

Paris.    1836.    Vol.  i.  6!)  1".     In  Taine's  English  Literature 

(livre  i.  ch.  i.  §  v),  ])artial  and  very  free. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY.  XXXVU 

Danish,  by  Joliannes  Steeiistrup,  N'ormanneriie  TIT.  Forste  Ilefte. 
Kjobeiibavii.  1879.  (Also  under  the  title  :  Danske  og 
norske  liiger,  etc.) 

Dutch,  by  Arend,  pp.  83-5. 

English,  in  the  editions  of  Thorpe,  Ingram,  Warton  (by  R.  Price), 
and  Hardy.  Further,  in  Geo.  Ellis'  Specimens  of  the  Early 
English  Poets,  London,  1801  (this  contains  a  metrical 
translation  by  Henshall)  ;  Turner's  History  of  the  Anglo- 
Saxons  ;  Miss  Gurney's  translation  of  the  Chronicle  ;  J.  A. 
Giles  in  his  Venerable  Beda's  Ecclesiastical  History  of 
England.  Also  the  Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle,  London,  1847 
(based  on  Miss  Gurney's  translation)  ;  the  first  volume  of 
Morley  ;VFreeman's  Old  English  History,  4th  ed.,  London, 
1875,  pp.  155  f •  ;  Knight's  Popular  History  of  England, 
i.  126-7  ;  Alfred  Tennyson's  works  (based  on  a  prose 
translation  by  his  son,  Hallam,  in  the  Contemporary  Review 
of  November,  1876)  ;  Elene,  Athelstan,  Byrhtnoth,  trans- 
lated by  J.  Garnett,  Boston,  1889  (see  Mod.  Lan.  Notes,  v."^ 
166-71  ;  Eng.  Studien,  xv.  116  f. ;  Amer.  Jour,  of  Phil.,  xi. 
104-6)  ;  by  A.  B.  Brown  in  Poet-Lore  of  January,  1891 ; 
Thomas  Miller's  History  of  the  Anglo-Saxons  ;  Robinson's 
Early  English  Literature,  London,  1885.  \ 

D.     Critical,  Descriptive,  and  Bibliographical. 

Wtilker's  Grundriss  zur  Geschichte  der  Angelsachsischen  Literatur. 
E.  D.  Green,  Site  of  Battle  of  Brunanburh.    Transactions  of  Roy. 

Soc.  of  Lit.     Vol  V.  (1889)  ;    cf.  Liebermann  in  D.  Zeit- 

schrift  f.  Geschichtswissenschaft.    Vol.  vi.  161. 
J.  B.  Davidson  and  H.  Murphy,  Site  of  Battle  of  Brunnanburh. 

Athenaeum,  No.  3023,  435. 
Weymouth,  Battle  of  Brunanburh.     Athenaeum,  3016,  207. 
T.  C.  Hughes,  T.  Hodgkin,  and  H.  Norris,  in  Athenaeum,  3017, 

239  ;  3020,  337  ;   and  3020  respectively. 
W.  M.  Brooks  and  C.  S.  Wake  in  the  Antiquary,  12,  168  f.  and 

12,  286  f.  respectively. 

(See  also  works  cited  under  Testimonies.) 


2  THE    BATTLE    OF   MALDON.  [22-49 

pa  he  hsefde  ))set/ulc        /aegere  getrymmed, 
he  Zihte  ]>ii  mid  Zeodon,         faer  him  Zeofost  waes, 
])«r  he  his  /ieor(5werod         /ioldost  wiste. 

25       pa  stod  on  s^aeSe,   ^     s2^lSllce  clypode 
Mcinga  ar,         i<;ordum  mielde, 
se  on  beot  a^ead         Z>rimli))endra 
^rende  ^  to  |)am  eovle,         ])xt  he  on  ofre  stod  : 
"Me  s^ndon  to  ]>&         s^m^n  snelle, 

30  heton  ^e  s^Ggsm.         fset  fu  most  s^ndan  rat5e 
^eagas  witS  ge^eorge,         and  eow  ^^tere  is 
fset  ge  ))isne  ^arrees         mid  yafole  for^^yldon, 
fonne  ^  we  swa  ^earde         Ailde  ^  dselon. 
Ne  ])urfe  we  us  spillan,         gif  ge  speda}>  to  )>am  : 

35  we  willat5  wi6  fam  ^olde         ^rit5  faestnian. 
Gyf  )>u  })8et  ^  geraedest,         ])e  her  ricost  eart, 
faet  ])u  ])me  Zeoda         Zysan  wille, 
syllan  s^mannum         on  hyra  sylfra  dom 
/eoh  wis  /reode         and  niman  /riS  aet  us, 

40  we  willa]>  mid  fam  sceattum         us  to  scype  gangan, 
on/lot/eran         and  eow/ri)>es  healdan." 
^yrhtno^  ma))elode,         iord  hafenode, 
w^and  i^acne  aesc,         i^ordum  maelde, 
i/rre  and  «nri«d,         ageaf  him  «ndsware  : 

45  "  Gehyrst*  J)u,  seelida,         hwaet  ])is  folc  s^ge^  ? 
hi  willaS  eow  to  ^afole         <7aras  syllan, 
^'ttrynne  ord         and  ealde  swurd, 
J7a  ^^regeatu         })e  eow  aet  /nlde  ne  deah. 
^ri  mm  anna  />oda,         a^eod  ^ft  ongean, 
1  gersende.  2  j,o,i,  3    _  ui^e.  *  hat.  ^  gehyrt. 


50-77]  THE    BATTLE    OF    JNIALDON. 

50  s^ge  Jnniim  Zeodum         miccle  Zapre  spell, 

|)9et  her  stynt  ?mforcriS         eor\  mid  his  werode, 

pe  wile  gealgean         eSel  Sysne, 

^jjelredes  eard,         tYddres  mines, 

/olc  and  /oldan  :        /eallan  sceolon 
55  Mel)ene  aet  Ailde.         To  Aeanlic  me  jnnceS 

])3et  ge  mid  iirum  sceattum         to  s^^ype  gangon 

unbe/ohtene,         nu  ge  )ms  /eor  hider 

on  uTne  eavd         in  becomon. 

Ne  sceole  ge  swa  sof te         sine  gegangan  : 
60  us  sceal  ord  and  ^cg         Wv  geseman, 

^rim  (/iiSplega,         £er  we  f/SiioV  syllon.'' 

Het  ])a  Z>ord  Z»eran,         Z»eornas  gangan, 

fset  hi  on  fam  e^istet^e         ealle  stodon. 

Ne  mihte  ]mv  for  z^aetere         ?6'erod  to  j^am  oSrum 
65  ]7£er  com/lowende        /lod  sefter  ^bban, 

Zucon  Zagustreamas  ;  to  Zang  hit  him  fuhte, 

hwgenne  hi  to^a^dere         ^aras  heron. 

Hi  ]>8er  Pantan  stream         mid  ^:>rasse  bestodon, 

ii'astseaxena  ord         and  se  cesch^ie  ; 
70  ne  mihte  hyra  «^nig         oprum  dorian, 

biiton  hwa  purh  /lanes  /lyht         /yl  gename. 

Se  /lod  tit  gewat ;         ])a  /lotan  stodon  gearowe, 

t^'Icinga  fela,         ^^iges  georne. 

Het  pa  AseleSa  h\eo         /tealdan  pa  bricge 
75  wigan  imgheardne,         se  wses  haten  Pf^ulfstan, 

cafne  mid  his  cynne,         pset  wses  Ceolan  sunu, 

pe  Sone  /orman  man         mid  his  /rancan  ofsceat, 
1  \)e  gofol. 


4  THE    BATTLE    OF    MALDON.  [78-105 

fe  ))8er  ^aldlicost         on  |>a  ^ricge  stop. 

pter  stodon  mid  Jrulfstane         wigsm  unforhte, 
80  ^If^re  and  J/accus,         modige  twegen; 

fa  noldon  aet  J?am  /orda        /learn  gewyrcan, 

ac  hi/sestlice         wi6  t5a/ynd  w^redon 

))a  hwile  ])e  hi  ^^tepna         ^^ealdan  moston. 

pa  hi  ]?set  on^eaton         and  ^eorne  gesawon, 
85  pset  hi  ]>SBV  Z»ricgweardas         bitere  fundon, 

ongunnon  Zytegian  ]>a         Za^e  ^  gystas  : 

bsedon  pset  hi  wpgang^         «gan  moston, 

of er  ])one  /ord  /aran,        /epan  l^dan. 

Da  se  eorl  ongan         for  his  ofermode 
90  a^yfan  Zandes  to  fela         Zapere  6eode  ; 

ongan  ceallian  ]>a         ofer  cald  waeter 

^yrhtelmes  &earn  —         Jeornas  gehlyston  : 

"Nil  eow  is  ge?*ymed,         gaS  ?*icene  to  us, 

rjaiman  to  ^upe.  6^od  ana  wat 

95  hwa  ]mve  ^«;selstowe         i^ealdan  mote." 

Wodon  ])a  ^^selwulfas,         for  ^^^aetere  ne  murnon, 

2^;icinga  z^erod,         -i^est^  ofer  Pantan, 

ofer  A'cir  waeter         scyldas  wegon, 

Zidm^u  to  Zande         Zinde  biSron. 
100  piSr  on^/ean  ^ramum         ^/earowe  stodon 

i?yrhtno6  mid  ^eornum;         he  mid  ^ordiim  het 

wyrcan  ]wne  ?mhagan         and  ])?et  /rerod  healdan 

/aeste  wiS/eondum.         pa  wies/eohte*  neh, 

tiT  vet  getohte ;         waes  seo  fid  cumen 
105  ))3et  })yer/iege  m^n        /ealhm  seeoldon. 

1  lulSe.  2  upgangan.  ^  pest.  *  fohte. 


10(>-133]  THE    BATTLE    OF    MALDON. 

pger  wear5  Aream  aAafen,         Aremmas  ^  wundon, 
earn  teses  georii :         wses  on  eorpan  cyrm. 
Hi  leton  ])a  of /olman        /eolhearde  speru, 
ge^rundene         ^/aras  fleogan  : 

110  ^ogan  wseron  ^ysige,         boid  ord  onf  eng  : 
^iter  wses  se  Z^eadurOes,         ^eornas  feollon 
on  ge/iW8e6ere  Aand,         Ayssas  lagon. 
TFund  wears  2  ^Fulfmger,         zt'selrseste  geceas 
^yrlitno(5es  m£eg,         lie  mid  Milium  weart5, 

115  his  swuster  sunu,  swi'Se  forheawen. 

p£er  wserS"  ^mcingum         idl^erlean  agyfen  : 
gehyrde  ic  f>8et  ^adweard         anne  sloge 
swiSe  mid  his  swurde,         swinges  ne  wyrnde, 
faet  him  set  /otum  /eoll        /sege  c^mpa  ; 

120  ]73es  him  his  ^eoden         y^anc  gessede, 
J)am  ^urpene,         pa  he  byve  hsefde. 
Swa  si^emnetton         s?^I6hicgeiide  * 
Aysas  set  Ailde,         Aogodon  georne 
hwa  pser  mid  orde         ^rost  mihte 

125  on/eegean  m^n        /eorh  gewinnan 

-M^igan  mid  i^gepnum  :         ^^sel  feol  on  eortSan. 
AS2^odon  si^sedefseste  :         5?^ihte  hi  ByrhtnoS, 
bsed  ])set  Ayssa  ge^wylc         Aogode  to  wige, 
pe  on  Z>^non  wolde         c^oni  gefeohtan. 

130  Wod  pa  ?d;iges  heard,         iv^-pen  up  ahof, 

Jord  to  ge^eorge,         and  wiS  pses  ^eornes  stop  ; 
code  swa  anr^d         eovl  to  pam  ceorle  : 
^gper  hyra  oSrum         yfeles  hogode. 

1  bremmas.         ^  weard.        '^  wserd.         *  sti'Shugende 


6  THE    BATTLE    OF    MALDON.  [134-162 

iS^nde  t)a  se  sserinc         suj)erne  gar, 
135  paet  ge?^'undod  lueav^         i^igena  lililford. 

He  scent  pa  mid  (5am  ^cylde,         pset  se  sceaft  tobaerst, 

and  ])ddt  sjjeve  spv^ngde,         J>set  hit  sprang  ongean  ; 

ge^r^mod  wearS  se  ^ut5rinc  :         he  mid  ^are  stang 

i«;lancne  i<;icing,         pe  him  pa  wuiide  forgeaf. 
140  T^rod  wses  se  /yrdrinc,         he  let  his  /rancan  wadan 

))urh  Sses  hysses  Aals,         /^and  wisode 

))iet  lie  on  pain /eersceatSan        /eorli  gertehte. 

Da  he  operne         ofstlice  sceat, 

paet  seo  ^yrne  to^a^rst  :         he  Avses  on  ^reostum  wund 
145  purh  t)a  Aringlocan,         him  set  Aeortan  st'od 

(etterne  ord.         Se  eorl  wses  pe  blipra, 

hloh  pa  ntodi  ?/ian,         saede  J/etode  pane 

8aes  tZsegweorces         pe  him  Drihten  forgeaf. 

Forlet  pa  dr^nga  sum      •  c^aroS  of  handa, 
150  /leogan  of /olman,         paet  se  to  fovt  gewat 

purh  (Sone  a^pelan         ^))elredes  pegen. 

^im  be  /tealfe  stod         Ayse  unweaxen, 

cniht  on  gecampe,         se  full  caflice 

Zried  of  pam  beovne         ^lodigne  gar, 
155    JFulfstanes  beam,  ^Fulfmser  se  geonga  ; 

forlet/orheardne         /liran  ^ft  ongean  : 

ord  in  gewod,         J^ait  se  on  eorpan  heg, 

pe  his  y^eoden  xv         />earle  geriehte. 

Eode  pa  gesyrwed         .s^cg  tO  pam  eorle  ; 
IGO  he  wolde  ])ies  /^eornes         /veagas  gef^cgan, 

?'eaf  and  hringas,         and  gerenod  swurd. 

Da  ^yrhtnoS  ^ried         ^ill  of  sceSe, 


163-li)0]  THE    BATTLE    OF    MALDON. 

6rad  and  ^riln^ccg,  and  on  jni  />yrnan  sloh  : 

to  rape  hine  geZ^tte         /idmanna  sum, 

165  |)a  he  ])aes  eorles         eavui  amyrde  ; 
yeoll  ))a  to/oldan        /ealohilte  swurd, 
ne  niihte  he  ge^ealdan         Aeardne  mece, 
w'gepnes  ^realdan.     pa  gyt  ]?8et  z6"ord  gecwaeS 
Mr  /alderinc,         Ayssas  bylde, 

170  bsed  ^angan  forS         r/6de  geferan  : 

ne  mihte  ])a  on  /otum  l^ng        /aeste  gestandan  ^, 

he  to  heofenum  wlat         

"Ic  ge/^ancie^  pe,  greoda  Waldend, 

ealra  ]>£era  wjnnsL         ]>e  ic  on  worulde  gebad. 

175  ^11  ic  ah,  milde  Jietod,         meeste  |)earfe 
])8et  ]?ii  minum  ^aste         p'odes  geunne, 
|)3et  mm  sawul  to  5e         sit3ian  mote, 
on  pm  geweakl,  peoden  ^ngla, 

mid  /ri|?e  /^rian  ;  ic  eom  /rymdi  to  pe, 

180  J>8et  hi  A^lsceaSan         ^ynan  ne  moton." 
Da  Aine  /leowon         /iseSene  scealcas, 
and  6egen  pa,  ^eornas         pe  him  ^ig  stodon, 
MUno^  and  TFulfm^r  ^         bei^egen  *  lagon, 
t5a  onemn  hyra/rean         /eorh  gesealdon. 

185  Hi  ^iigon  ])a  fram  ^eaduwe  pe  pser  ^eon  noldon  : 

p3dv  wurdon  Oddan  beam         ^rest  on  fleame, 
6^odrIc  fram  r/iipe,         and  pone  ^odan  forlet, 
pe  him  /waenigne  oft         mear  gesealde  ; 
he  gehleop  ))one  eoh,         pe  dhte  his  hlaford, 

190  on  ])am  gergedum,         pe  hit  ?iht  ne  wses, 

1  gestundan.     2  ge)jance  (ic  ge)>ancie).     ^  Wulmser.     •*  begen. 


8  THE    BATTLE    OF    MALDON.  [191-218 

and  his  bro^TU  mid  him,         Z»egen  serndon/ 
6*odrinc  '^  and  6'odwlg         r/Qpe  ne  gymdon, 
ac  /6'^ndon  fram  j^am  wige         and  ])one  i^'udu  sohton, 
/lugon  on  ptet/sesten         and  hyra/eore  burgon, 

195  and  manna  ma         ))onne  hit  aenig  7n^<S  waere, 
gyf  hi  pa  geearnunga         ealle  gemundon, 
fe  he  him  to  cZugupe  gecZon  haifde. 

Swa  him  Offa  on  dseg         cev  astede 
on  })am  mefelst^de,         ]>a  he  ge??iot  haefde, 

200  l)8et  ])8er  model  Ice         ??ianega  spr^con, 
))e  ^f t  set  p  earf e  ^         />  olian  noldon. 
Da  wears  a/eallen         paes  /olces  ealdor, 
^pelredes  eorl ;         eaWe  gesawon 
AeorSgeneatas         pset  hyra  Aeorra  laeg. 

205  pa  t5^r  ?6'^ndon  forf5         wlance  pegenas, 
^^nearge  m^n         efston  georne  : 
hi  woldon  pa  ealle         obev  twega, 
lii  forZgetan^         of5Se  Zeofne  gewrecan. 
Swa  hi  ^ylde  forS         ^earn  ^Ifrices, 

210  luigsi  w;intrum  geong         ?6'ordum  raselde, 
^Ifwine  pa  cwaeS,         he  on  ^llen  spraec  : 
"  Ge??iunat5  ^  pa  msela,         pe  we  oft  set  ?«eodo  sprsecon, 
ponne  we  on  />^nce         Z>eot  ahofon, 
Asele'S  on  Aealle,         ymbe  Aeard  gewinn  ; 

215  nu  maeg  cunnian         hwa  cene  sy  ! 

Ic  wylle  mine  rr^pelo         f^^dhim  gecypan, 
pt^et  ic  wtes  on  JHfyrcon         ?/accles  cynnes  : 
wses  min  ecdda  feeder  Aalhelm  hcaten, 

1  serdon.         2  godrine.         ^  ^y^^^yQ^        4  forhetuu.         ''  geinuua. 


219-246]      2  THE    BATTLE    OF   MALDON.  9 


iws  ealdorinan,         w;oruldgesselig. 

220  Ne  sceolon  me  on  peere  />eode  />egenas  setwitaii, 

))3et  ic  of  ■gisseyyrde        /eran  wille, 
eard  gesecan,         nfi  miii  ertldor  ligeS 
for/ieawen  aet  Ailde  :  me  is  j^aet  Aearma  meest : 

he  waes  ^egSer  ^  min  m^%         and  min  hlaford." 

225  pa  he/ort5  eode,        /eehSe  gemunde, 
fait  he  mid  orde         «nne  gereehte 
/lotan  on  fam  /olce,         pset  se  on  /oldan  Iseg 
forz6'egen  mid  his  i^'sepne.         Ongan  ])a  ^6'inas  manian, 
/rynd  and  ge/eran,         ))8et  hi  /orS  eodon. 

230   Offa  gemgelde,         (pscholt  asceoc  : 

^'  Hwaet  \%  JS'lfwine,  hafast         ealle  gemanode 
pegenas  to  pearfe :         nu  ure  peoden  li$, 
eorl  on  eorSan,         us  is  eallum  pearf 
))3et  u^Q  ^ghwylc         oJ)erne  by  Ida 

235  2i;igan  to  t^^Ige,         |?a  hwile  pe  he  i^gepen  msege 
Aabban  and  /lealdan,         Aeardne  mece, 
^ar  and  ^od  swurd.  Us  (rodric  hsefS, 

earh  Oddan  beam,         ealle  beswicene : 
wende  pses  forniQni  man,         l^a  he  on  7?ieare  rad, 

240  on  i^'lancan  ])am  i^^icge,         ]).3et  i^'^ere  hit  tire  hlaford; 
for  })an  weart5  her  on  /elda        /olc  totwaemed, 
scyldburh  to^rocen:         a5reot5e  his  angin, 
])3et  he  her  swa  7/ianigne         man  aflymde  !  " 
Xeofsunu  gem^lde         and  his  Zinde  ahof, 

245  Jord  to  ge^eorge,         he  ])am  Z>eorne  oncwse^ : 
^'Ic  ]>aet  geAate,         j^set  ic  Aeonon  nelle 
1  segder. 


10  THE    BATTLE    OF    MALDON.  [247-274 

/leon  /otes  tryiii,         ac  wille  /urSor  gan, 

?^recan  on  gemniie         miune  ?^inedrihten. 

Ne  purfoii  me  embe  «S'^urm^re         s/^^defaeste  haeletJ^ 

250  i<;ordiim  setz^Itan,         nu  min  z^;ine  gecranc, 
Jjset  ic  Alafordleas         /iam  siSie, 
w^nde  fram  2^Ige,         ac  me  sceal  z^aepen  iiiman, 
ord  and  7ren."         He  ful  yrve  wod, 
/eaht  /aestlice,        /learn  he  f orhogode. 

255  /)iinnere  ])a  cwseS,         cZaroS  acw^hte, 
?morne  ceorl         ofer  eaW  clypode, 
bsed  ))9et  />eorna  gehwylc         ^yrhtnoS  wrsece  : 
"  Ne  maeg  na  wandian         se  )>e  y^recan  ))^ncet5 
/rean  on  /olce,         ne  for  /eore  murnan." 

260  pa  hi  /or«  eodon,         /eores  hi  ne  rohton  ; 
ongunnon  |)a  Airedm^n         /ieardlice  feohtan, 
^rame  ^/arberend,         and  (rod  byedon 
|78et  hi  moston  get^^recan         hyra  i^inedrihten, 
and  on  liyra/eondum         /yl  gewyrcan. 

265  Him  se  yysel  on^an         ^eornlice  fylstan  : 
he  wees  on  Nor^hymbron         /ieardes  cynnes, 
^cglafes  beam,         him  wses  J5^scfer^  nama: 
he  ne  t^andode  na         set  ])am  zmgplegan, 
ac  he/ysde/or(5        /Ian  genehe  : 

270  hwilon  he  on  ^ord  sceat,  hwilon  />eorn  t«sde; 

iJefre  embe  stunde  he  sealde  snme  wunde, 

])a  hwlle  '8e  he  i^^aepna         'jreahlan  moste. 
Da  gyt  on  ovde  stod         A^cKlweard  se  langa, 
yearo^  and  ^eornful,         ^ylpwordum  sprsec 
1  hselae'S.  ■^  gearc. 


275-302]  THE    BATTLE   OP    MALDON.  11 

275  pittt  he  nolde  /leogan        /otmiel  landes, 
ofer  bddc  ^iigau,         J)a  his  ^^tera  leg  : 
he  ^raec  ))Oiie  Z^ordweall         and  wiS  6a  ^>eornas  feaht, 
ot5  |)8et  he  his  sincgyfan         on  ])am  saemannum 
i^'urSlIce  ?6'rec,         ter  he  on  ^^'gele  laege. 

280  Swa  dyde  ^j^erlc,         ce]>e\e  gefera, 
/us  and /ort5georn,        /eaht  eornoste 
iSibyrhtes  bro(5or         and  swit5e  mgenig  ofer : 
clufon  cellod  bord,         cene  hi  w^redon  : 
bserst  Z'ordes  laerig         and  seo  &yrne  sang 

285  ^ryreleot5a  sum.         pa  aet  ^ut5e  sloh 

Offa  pone  stelidan,         fset  he  on  eorSan  feoU, 

and  'Seer  Gaddes  mseg         ^und  gesohte  : 

raSe  wearS  aet  hilde         Offa  forAeawen  ; 

he  haefde  6eah  ge/orjiod         paet  he  his/rean  gehet, 

290  swa  he  ^eotode  eer         wiS  his  Seahgifan, 
))8et  h!  sceoldon  Z^egen         on  ^urh  ridan, 
Aale  to  /lame,         o66e  on  A^re  crincgan,^ 
on  ^raelstowe         t^undum  sweltan ; 
he  Iseg  ^egenlice  ^eodne  geh^nde. 

295  Da  weart5  5orda  geJraec  :         ^rimm^n  wodon, 
^uSe  geffv^mode  ;  ^ar  oft  )?urhwdd 
/eeges /eorhhus.         Fot^  ]>a^  eode  Wistan, 
purstanes  sunu,  ^         wi6  ]>as  s^cgas  f eaht ; 
he  wses  on  ge))range  *         hyra  })reora  bana, 

300  ser  him  TFigelines  beam         on  J^am  i^sele  laege. 
pser  waes  sti^  gemot :         s^odon  fseste 
-wdgan  on  gemnne,         i^'igend  cruncon 

1  crintgan.  *  for'Sa.  *  suna.         *  ge>rang. 


12  THE    BATTLE   OF    MALDON.  [303-325 

t^undum  t^'erige  ;  ivsdl  feol  on  eorpan. 

Oswold  and  ^'adwold         eaWe  hwile, 
305  begen  ]>a,  gebvopvn,         ieoruas  trymedon, 

hyra  i^inemagas         t^ordon  baedon 

fset  hi  p3di  set  ^earfe         />olian  sceoldon, 

un^f'aclice         i^'sepna  neotan. 

i^yrhtwold  mafelode,         ^ord  hafenode, 
310  se  wses  eald  geneat,         cesc  acw^hte, 

he  ful  ^aldllce         ^eornas  Iserde  : 

'' Hige  sceal  ]>e  Aeardra,         Aeorte  ]>e  cenre, 

mod  sceal  pe  mare,         ])e  ure  7?i8egen  lytla^. 

Her  li^  tire  ealdor         eall  forheawen, 
315  ^rod  on  ^reote :         a  mseg  ^/nornian 

se  ^e  nu  fram  fis  ?6'igplegan         ^t'^ndan  ])^nce?. 

Ic  eom  /rod  /eores :         /ram  ic  ne  wille, 

ac  ic  me  be  /^ealfe         minum  /Jaforde, 

be  swa  Zeofan  m^n         Zicgan  })^nce." 
320  Swa  hi  ^})elgares  beam         ealle  bylde, 

(rodrlc  to  (jrii]>e  ;         oft  he  <7ar  forlet 

i^^selspere  i^'indan         on  )>a  u'lcingas, 

swa  he  on  ])am  /olce        /yrmest  eode, 

Zieow  and  hynde,         6^6  ^  ])8et  he  on  Zdlde  gecranc. 
325  Nses  })8et  na  se  (rodrlc         ])e  t^a  gu^e  forbeah 


iod. 


THE   BATTLE   OF  BEU]Sr]N"A]SrBUEH. 


5>*iC 


An.  DCCCCXXXVII. 


M 


Her  ^pelstan  cyning,         eorla  drihten, 
^eorna  ^eahgifa,         and  his  ^ropor  eac, 
^admund  (e])elmg,         ealdorlangne  tir 
i^t4.Mx^v  -       geslogon  set  ssecce         sweorda  ^cgum 

5  ymbe  ^runnanburh  :         ^ordweall  clufon,  ,„ 

Aeowon  ^eat5olinda         ^amora  lafum 
eaforan  ^adweardes  ;         swa  him  geoefele  waes 
fram  cneomagum,         fast  hi  set  campe  oft 
wi^  ZaSra  gehwsene         ^and  ealgodon, 
10  Ziord  and  /tamas.         IT^ttend  crungon, 
Scottsi  leode         and  scipflotan 
Xc^e     /^ege  /eollon  :        /eld  dennode 

VII  (emended  from  VIII)  A,  VIII  B  i  8eJ>estan  B  \\  cing  B  C  \\ 
dryhten  A  2  i)eag-  B,  -gyfa  C  »  ealdorlagne  C  ||  tyr  D  *  geslogan 
B  II  sake  J5,  secce  D  ||  swurda  C  ||  ecggum  B  ^  embe  B  C  ||  Bmn- 
nanburh  {from  Brunanburh)  A,  Brunanburh  D  ||  heord-  D,  -weal  ^  D 
II  clufan  A  B  D  ^  heowan  ^  J5  D  1|  -Hnde  A,  -Hna  B,  -linda  (/rom 
Hnga)  D  ||  hamera  D  ||  lafan  A  ^  afaran  J.,   aforan  C,    eoforan 

D  II  -weardses  D  s  from  vl  ||  -msegum  J.  C  D  ||  hie  5  ^  gehwane 
B  II  ealgodan  B,  gealgodan  D  ^^  heted  D  \\  crungun  A  "  sceotta 
leoda  A  ||  scyp-  C  12  feollan  A  B  C  \\  daennede  {from  dsenede)  A, 
dennade  B  C 


14  THE   BATTJLE   OF   BRUNNANBURH.  [13-31 

5^cga  swate,         si|)J)an  sunne  tip 

on  ??iorgentid,         msere  tungol. 
15  ^lad  ofer  ^rimdas,  6^odes  caiidel  beorht, 

eces  Drihtnes,         o6  seo  a^pele  gesceaft 

sail  to  setle,         pser  Iseg  s^cg  111911  ig 

^anim  ayetec^         ^ma  NorSerne 

ofer  5cyld  scoten,         swilce  ^Scyttisc  Gac 
20  wQii^y  wlgQ^  saed.  W^esseaxe  forft 

andlangne  daeg         eoredcystum 

on  Zast  Z^gdon         ZatSum  feodum, 

^eowon  /i^reflyman         Aindan  j^earle 

wecum  ??iylenscearpiim.         Jfyrce  ne  wyrndon 
25  /leardes  Aandplegan         Aaelejja  nanum, 

J^ara  pe  mid  ^nlafe         ofer  eargebland 

on  ^ides  bosme         Zand  gesohton, 

/sege  to  ge/eohte.         i^Ife  lagon 

on  ])am  campst^de         cyningas  geoiige 
30  sweordiim  asw^fede,         swilce  seofeiie  eac 

eorlas  ^nlafes,         wnrlm  h^rges, 

18  secgas  hwate  A  \\  upp  B  C      ^^  condel  A       ^^  o^  sio  ^,  t  seo  B, 
0^  se  D  1''  saetle  I)  ||  msenig  A^  manig  B         ^^  forgrunden  B  \\ 

guman  B  C  D  \\  norherna  A,  norhserne  D  ^^  scild  A  \\  sceoten 

swylce  B  D  ||  scittisc  A  20  wigges  B  C  ||  rfed  D  ||  westsexe  JS,  and 
wessexe  C  21  ondlongne  A^  and  langne  D  ||  eorodcistum  A  22  jeg- 
dun  A,  laigdon  D  \\  Seodon  C  23  heowan  herefleman  y1  -•*  mylen] 
mycel  D  ||  scearpan  A  25  he  eardes  A  ||  bond-  ^  ||  nanum  {from 
namum)  C  ^  ^aera  \>e  D,  hse  ^  ||  ear]  sera  A  27  iij,es  C  ||  gesohtun 
^,  gesohtan  B  28  fage-  D  ||  feohte  D  \\  Ifegun  .1  29  Saem  B  ||  cyn- 
inges  A,  ciningas  B,  cingas  C  \\  giunge  A,  iiinga  D  ^o  aswefde  C  \\ 
swylce  D  ||  seofone  B,  VII  C       ^i  and  u-  C  ||  lieriges  ^ 


32-50]  THE    BATTLE    OF    BRUNNANIiyKH.  15 

.vJL 

/lotena  and  Scotta.         pier  ge/lymed  wearS 
iN'orSmaiiiia  brego,         n^de  gebSded 
to  Zides  stefne         /ytle  weorode  ;     i  ^ 
35  cread  ciiear  on  flot ;         cyning  ut  gewat 
on /ealone /lod,        /eorh  gen^rede.  -  -'•  •  - 
Swilce  ]mY  eac  se  /Voda         mid  /leanie  com 
on  his  cy]>])e  norS  Constantmus, 

V^--        hdv  /alderinc,  Areman  ne  ])orfte  U^ 


c 

J       40  //ieca  ge?/ianan  :         he  wses  Ms  maga  seeard,  '->'- 
/reonda  ge^ylled         on  /olcst^de, 
i^-  y       be^laegen  set  ssecce,         and  his  sunii  forlet 
on  ^raelstowe         i/;undum  forgrunden, 
^eongne  set  gvi6e.  G^ylpan  ne  porfte 

45  fteorn  Wandenfeax         Z-illgeslihtes, 
eald  mwitta^        ne  ^nlaf  ))y  ma; 
mid  heora  A^relafum         Alihhan  ne  ])orfton 
|)8et  hi  ^eadoweorca         ^^teran  wurdon 
on  campst^de         cumbolgehnastes,     •- ;     , 
50  ^armittinge,         ^imena  gemotes, 

32  flotan  all  \\  sceotta  A  \\  geflemed  A  ^  bregu  A  ||  neade  C  D  || 
gebeded  A  34  staefne  D  ||  Htle  A  \\  werode  C  ^  creat  D  ||  cnea  ren 
A  35-36  flot-  fealone  fails  D  ^  cing  B,  cining  C  '^  fealene  A  || 
generode  CD  ^~  swjice  BD  38  costontinus  A  39  j^al hylde D  \\  -ring 
A  li  hryman  D  ^''>  msecan  A^  mecea  B,  mecga  D  \\  he]  her  B  C  \\  msega 
AD  ^1  o.  his  f .  C  42  beslagen  A ,  f  orslegen  B,  beslegen  C  ||  sace  B, 
ssecge  D  ||  forlset  D  *3  wundun  f er-  A  ^  giungne  A  ||  gelpan  A  45  .f ex 
B  C  II  bil-  A  II  geslehtes  A,  geslyhtes  B  -^  inwidda  A,  inwuda  D  \\  >e 
5  D  II  47  hyra  CD  1|  -leaf urn  D  ||  hlehhan  J.,  hlybbanD  ||  >orftun  J.  C, 
^o^ftan  B  D  *^  heo  ^,  hie  B  II  beadu-  ^  ||  wurdun  A,  wurdan  B 
*•  culbod  gehnades  {in  later  hand,  vel  cumbel)  A      ^'^  -mittunge  D 


16  THE   BATTLE    OF    BRUNNANBUKH.  [51-66 

-i^'sepengewrixles,         \>dds  hi  on  i^'selfelda 

wij)  ^adweardes         eaforaii  plegodon. 

Gewiton  him  j^a  iVbrSm^n         7i8egledcnearrum, 
^v«.^ «  dreoTig  </arot5a  hif,         on  Dinges  m^re 
55  ofer  ^Zeop  wseter         i>yflin  secan, 

^ft  /raland,         (ewiscmode. 
^         Swilce  pa  gehrolSor         ^egen  setSQmne, 

cyning  and  aepeling,         cy\>]>e  sohton, 

,  ^esseaxna  land,         wiges  hremige. 
60  Leton  him  beAindan         Ara  bryttigan 

salowigpildan,         pone  sweartan  hrsefn, 

Ayrnedn^bban,         and  pone  Aasopadan 
*'     earn  ccf tan  Wit, ,    ^  ^ses  brucan,*^  "^    ' 
C4  v>^^      ^rsedigne  ^iit5haf oc         and  pset  f/rdd^  deor, 
65  ?/;ulf  on  i^ealde.         Ne  wearS  tvddl  mare 

on  pys  ^glande         ^fre  gyta 

61  hie  B,  \>e  hi  D  ^2  afaran  A  D,  aforan  C  ||  plegodan  A  B  ^  ge- 
witan  J.  B  ||  hym  C  ||  |?  in  norSmen  above  line  {in  later  hand?)  -4, 
-menn  B  C  \\  nsegled-  (frojn  negled)  in  later  hand  A,  negled-  C,  d?eg 
gled  ongarum  D  ^■^  dreori  C  \\  dara'Sa  A,  dareba  C  D  \\  dynges  B, 
dyniges  D  ^^  ofe  deopne  D  \\  difelin  A,  dyflen  B,  dyflig  D  \\  secean 
B  &s  and  (above  line  in  later  hand)  e.  A  ||  hira  A,  yra  CD  ^^  svvylce 
B  D  li  gebrober  A,  bro^or  C  \\  bege  D  ||  setsarane  A,  set  runne  D 
68  cing  B  C  II  ea'Seling  D  \\  sohtan  B  ^^  wesseaxena  A,  westseaxna 
B  i»,  wessexena  C  \\  wigges  B  C  \\  hremige  (first  e  over  scratched  a) 
A  60  letan  A  7?,  lajton  I)  \\  hym  behindon  C  ||  hr?ew  (in  later  hand 
from  hrae)  A,  hraw  i^  ||  bryttian  A,  bryttigean  7>,  brittigan  C,  brittiiiga 
D  61  saluwig-  ^  II  href n  C  62  hyrnet-  D  ||  bane  ^  ||  hasewan-  A , 
hasu-  C  D  68  jeses  (from  seres)  D  64  cuiS  heafoc  D  ||  grege  D 
66  )>is  ^1,  )>isne  D  \\  eig-  A^  eg-  B  ||  £efer  ^  ||  gieta  A,  gita  D 


67-73] 


THE   BATTLE    OF    BRUNNANBURH. 


17 


/olces  ge/ylled 
sweordes  ecgum, 
ealde  2<5witan, 
70  -E'ngle  and  Seaxe 
ofer  ^rade  irimu, 
i6'lance  ?6*igsmi))as 
eorlas  «rhwate 


be/oran  pyssum 
J)8es  pe  us  s^cgaS  bee, 

sij)])aii  eastan  hider 
wp  becomon 
^rytene  sohton, 
TFealas  ofercomon, 

eard  be.sreaton. 


^"^  afylled  B  \\  )>issura  A  ^8  swurdes  C  ll  secggeaj?  B  ^^  sy^Jjan  B 
"^  sexan  5,  sexe  C  ||  upp  B  C  ||  becoman  A  B  'i  brad  A  ||  bretene 
C,  britene  D  ||  sohtan  A  B  '''^  weealles  A  II  -coman  AB  "^^  -hwsete 
D  II  begeataN  A 


NOTES 


MALDON. 

Maldon  is  situated  iu  Essex,  niiie  miles  east  of  Chelmsford.  "  The 
town  lies  on  a  hill ;  immediately  at  its  base  flows  one  branch  of  the 
Blackwater,  or  Panta,  while  another,  still  crossed  by  a  mediaeval 
bridge,  flows  at  a  little  distance  to  the  north.  The  Danish  ships  seem 
to  have  lain  in  the  branch  nearest  to  the  town,  and  their  crews  must 
have  occupied  the  space  between  the  two  streams,  while  Byrhtnoth 
came  to  the  rescue  from  the  north.  He  seems  to  have  halted  on  the 
spot  now  occupied  by  the  church  of  Hey  bridge,  having  both  the 
streams  between  him  and  the  town"  (Freeman).  It  was  fortified  by 
Edward  in  913,  strengthened  in  920,  and  in  921  was  the  scene  of  a 
victory  over  the  Danes.  Byrhtnoth  also  had  gained  a  splendid  victory 
here. 

2.  The  implied  subject  of  het  is  Byrhtno'S.  Of  the  four  words  for 
horse  used  in  the  poem,  eoh^  hors,  mearh,  and  loicg^  the  last  two  seem 
to  designate  the  nobler  animal  (Zernial).     E.  ear-wig  ? 

6.  se  eorl,  i.e.  Byrhtnoth  himself,  to  whom  alone  the  poet  applies 
the  title  eorl.  —  yrhSo,  "  cowardice  "  on  the  part  of  his  men. 

8.  Notice  this  early  mention  of  falconry. 

10.  Hearne  has  without  doubt  used  too  many  dots  to  represent  the 
missing  letter ;  so  also  in  1.  33. 

11.  Ettmiiller,  erroneously,  introduces  the  line  by  ac  (instead  of 
eac)  and  identifies  Eadr'ic  with  Offan  mZeg.  —  Eadric :  the  only  per- 
sonage by  this  name  I  have  been  able  to  discover,  was  the  one  sur- 
named  Streona.  He  was  of  low  birth,  but  became  JESelred's  chief 
favorite.  The  latter  made  him  Earl  of  Wilts  and  gave  him  Princess 
Edith  in  marriage.  He  afterwards  became  a  deserter  (1015)  and  was 
killed  by  Cnut,  his  new  master,  in  1017  (cf.  Freeman). 

12.  beran,  cf.  62,  67,  99. 

13.  Byrhtnocy,  Duke  of  the  East  Saxons,  besides  being  a  chivalrous 
military  leader,  was  a  great  patron  of  the  church.  He  upheld  espe- 
cially the  interests  of  the  newer  orders  of  monks,  who  believed,  among 


20  NOTES. 

other  things,  in  the  celibacy  of  the  priesthood.  King  Edgar  favored 
these  new  orders,  and  during  his  reign  they  increased  greatly  in 
strength  and  numbers.  On  Edgar's  death  (957),  however,  Alfere, 
Duke  of  Mercia,  expelled  the  members  of  the  celibate  orders  from  all 
the  monasteries  in  his  jurisdiction  ;  but  iElfwine,  Duke  of  the  East 
Angles,  and  Byrhtnoth  protected  them  and  insisted  upon  the  execu- 
tion of  the  laws  enacted  by  Edgar  in  their  favor.  —  ( )n  the  first  notice 
of  the  invasion  of  Essex,  Byrhtnoth  collected  his  army  and  hastened 
to  give  the  enemy  battle.  His  first  halt  was  made  at  Ramsey,  where 
he  was  not  well  received.  From  Ramsey  he  marched  to  Ely  and  was 
hospitably  entertained.  In  the  morning  after  his  arrival,  he  entered 
the  chapterhouse  and  gave  the  monks  six  manors  for  their  hospitality 
and  nine  others  on  condition  that,  if  it  were  his  lot  to  fall  in  battle,  he 
should  be  buried  by  them  in  their  church.  After  this  he  proceeded  to 
Maldon,  where  he  found  the  enemy.  In  spite  of  their  superior  num- 
bers he  foiled  their  attempts  for  fourteen  days.  The  fifteenth  and  last 
day  is  the  subject  of  our  poem.  —  Byrhtnoth  was  buried  in  Ely,  with  a 
ball  of  wax  in  the  place  of  the  head,  which  had  been  carried  off  by  the 
Danes.  The  tomb  was  hung  about  with  tapestry  celebrating  his  deeds, 
and  said  to  have  been  wrought  by  his  widow,  ^ESelflsed. 

The  appreciation  of  the  monks  is  shown  in  the  following  extract : 
Itaque  vir  iste  nobilissimus  Northanymbrorum  dux  fortissimus  fuit, 
qui  ob  mirabilem  sapientiam  et  corporis  fortitudinem,  qua  se  suosque 
viriliter  protegebat,  Anglica  lingua  Alderman  .  .  .  .  ab  omnibus  cog- 
nominabatur.  Erat  sermone  facundus,  viribus  robustus,  corpore 
maximus,  militia  et  bellis  contra  hostes  regni  assiduus,  et  ultra  modum 
sine  respectu  et  timore  moris  animosus  .  .  .  totus  in  hoc  desiderio  posi- 
tus,  ut  magis  moreretur,  quam  inultam  patriae  injuriam  pateretur" 
{Ecclesioe  Hist.  Eliensis,  lib.  ii.  cap.  vi.). 

23.  "  An  English  king  or  ealdorman  used  his  horse  only  to  carry 
him  to  or  from  the  field  of  battle ;  in  the  actual  combat  the  first  in 
rank  was  bound  to  share  every  danger  of  his  lowlier  comrades " 
(Freeman's  Norman  Conquest,  i.  269). 

27.  brimluTeiKlra :  How  intimately  connected  with  the  sea  the  life 
of  the  English  was  we  may  infer  from  the  number  of  synonyms  for 
'sailor.'  In  this  poem  we  find  :  briinUiSend,  brinnnan,  flota,  ll^man, 
sailda,  samian,  sWrinc. 

28.  he,  i.e.  the  herald. 

34.  speda]?  to  pmn :  Skeat  suggests  that  this  phrase  is  equivalent 
to  "be  good  for  an  amount,"  the  whole  passage  signifying  "  we  need 


NOTES.  21 

not  destroy  one  another,  if  you  are  rich  enough  for  it"  (viz.,  paying 
what  we  demand)  (Sweet). 
40.  us,  reflexive  dative. 

45.  The  ideas  of  '  nation '  and  '  army  '  were  in  early  times  convert- 
ible.    Cf.  241. 

46.  Bright  notes  that  there  is  a  close  parallelism  to  this  reply  in 
Marlowe's  Jew  of  Malta,  act  ii.  sc.  2  • 

Gov.    So  will  we  fight  it  out ;  come,  let 's  away  : 
Proud,  daring  Calymath,  iiisteail  of  gold, 
We  '11  send  thee  bullets  wrapt  in  smoke  and  fire  : 
Claim  tribute  where  thou  wilt,  we  are  resolved, 
Honour  is  bought  with  blood  and  not  with  gold. 

In  this  very  year,  however,  ^Selred  bought  off  the  invaders  with 
10,000  pounds. 

47.  ealde  swurd,  i.e.  swords  handed  down  from  our  (hero)  fathers. 
59.  Although  sc,  st,  sp  do  not  in  the  best  O.  E.  verse  alliterate  with 

s,  it  is  possible  that  the  sc  in  sceole  bears  the  alliteration. 

68.  prasse :  This  obscure  word  occurs  twice  in  ^Ifric'^s  Lives  of 
the  Saints  (edited  by  Skeat.  E.  E.  T.  S.,  1881,  1894).  He  }>a  Decius, 
se  casere,  \>a,  he  for  into  Efese  mid  )>rymme  and  mid  prasse,  he  ^a  his 
heortan  ahof  swa  upp  ofer  his  mse^e  swilce  he  God  wsere  (106).  Hwait 
^a  Lisinnius  mid  swiSlicum  prasse  ferde,  o\>  ]?set  he  to  >sere  byrig  com 
\>3dr  se  bisceop  on  wses  (165).  It  is  used  once  by  Wulfstan :  liwser  ys 
heora  ricetere  and  heora  prass  and  orgol,  buton  on  moldan  bel^eaht 
(148,  32). 

69.  se  aesch^re,  i.e.  the  forces  of  the  Northmen,  the  'ship-army.' 
74.  haeleSa  hleo,  i.e.  Byrhtno'S. 

79.  You  will  see  how  exactly  Wulfstan  is  like  Horatiiis,  and  ^Ifere 
and  Maccus  like  Lartius  and  Herminius  in  the  Lays  of  Ancient  Rome 
(Freeman,  0.  E.  Hist.  195). 

80.  Maccus  is  not  an  O.  E.  name.  Can  this  be  the  Maccus,  King 
of  the  Isles,  who  is  said  to  have  paid  homage  to  King  Edgar  in  973  ? 
Cf.  0.  E.  nist.  175. 

92.  Byrhtelmes  beam,  i.e.  Byrhtno^. 

106.  The  raven,  the  eagle,  and  the  wolf  are  in  0.  E.  poetry  the  con- 
stant attendants  of  the  battlefield.     Cf.  -B.  60. 

113.  Wulfmser,  the  son  of  ByrhtnoS's  sister.  Among  all  the  Teu- 
tonic nations,  a  sister's  son  was  held  to  be  almost  as  near  to  a  man  as 
his  own  children  (0.  E.  Ilist.  179). 

120.  9eoden,  i.e.  Byrhtno'S;  cf.  158.     Korner  thinks,  however,  that 


22  NOTES. 

ByrhtnotS  could  scarcely  have  had  an  opportunity  of  expressing  his 
thanks  and  that  ^eoden  refers  to  the  king. 

125.  feorh  ge-wiiinan,  cf.  142,  reach  the  life,  kill. 

130.  nages  heard,  i.e.  one  of  the  Northmen. 

131.  beornes,  i.e.  ByrhtnoS. 

134.  sujjcrne  giir,  a  southern  dart,  i.e.  a  dart  from  the  south.  Cf. 
note  on  Maldon. 

172.  For  the  missing  half-line  Korner  suggests  hleoi^rode  eorl. 

179.  This  intransitive  use  of  ferian  is,  according  to  8weet,  very 
doubtful.  He  thinks  we  should  probably  read  feran.  There  are  other 
examples  of  this  use  ot  ferian.     Cf.  Grein,  Sprachsch. 

181.  Zernial  draws  attention  to  the  similarity  of  the  last  scene  in 
Beowulf's  life  to  that  in  ByrhtnoS's.     Cf.  Beo.  2845-53. 

180.  Oddan  beam,  i.e.  Godrlc,  Godwine,  and  Godw'ig.  A  similar 
incident  occurred  two  years  later  when  the  Danes  harried  the  northern 
part  of  Lincolnshire.  The  people  withstood  them  bravely,  but  their 
three  leaders,  Frsena,  FriSegist,  and  Godwine  took  flight. 

202-325.  Cf.  "Death  of  Patroclus,"  Iliad,  xvii. 

207.  oSer  t\vega  =  one  of  the  two. 

209.  Bright  says  :  "  It  is  possible  that  this  was  ^Ifric,  the  ealdor- 
man  of  Mercia  "  (Freeman,  History  of  the  Norman  Conquest,  vol.  i.  p. 
272,  note  4,  and  Green,  Conquest  of  England,  pp.  372  f.).  The  father 
of  the  traitor  ^Ifric,  ealdorman  of  Mercia,  was  -^-Elfhere,  whereas  the 
father  of  the  iElf ric  of  our  text  was,  if  ealda  f aider  mean  grandfather, 
Ealhelm.  Bright's  conjecture  is  therefore  very  doubtful.  The^lfric 
was  possibly  the  one  mentioned  by  Freeman,  0.  E.  Hist.,  p.  230: 
' '  There  (fighting  against  Cnut)  died  many  and  good  men  .  .  .  jElf ric 
the  Alderman." 

224.  Zernial  makes  CBg'^er,  and  bear  the  alliteration. 

244.  Cf,  42,  255,  and  309.  All  three  parallel  expressions  are  with- 
out and.     Krirner  suggests  that  and  is  to  be  struck  out  here. 

240.  Stiinn^re:  Leof sunn's  home;  "a  lake  or  fen  in  Essex" 
(Freeman),  more  probably  the  mouth  or  estuary  of  the  Stour  (Korner). 

255.  Diinnere:  Freeman  notes  that  although  bom  a  churl  D.'s 
rank  is  spoken  of  without  contempt  and  that  his  words  and  deeds 
place  him  on  a  level  with  the 'noblest  of  his  comrades. 

265.  gysel:  K()rner  asks  how  ^EscferS  can  be  called  a  'hostage,' 
seeing  that  Northumberland  had  been  subject  to  Southern  England 
since  055. 

209.  The  second  e  in  genehe  is  probably  long  ;  cf.,  however,  1.  54. 


NOTES.  23 

287.  Gaddes  ni*g,  i.e.  Offa.  Komer  erroneously  believes  that 
Gadd  was  one  of  the  foe ;  Zernial  suggests  that  the  order  of  the  lines 
287  and  288  be  transposed.  The  punctuation  adopted  by  Bright  re- 
moves all  difficulty.     Still  Gadd  is  probably  a  foreign  name. 

300.  Wigelines  beam,  i.e.  Wistan;  Wigelin  (or  perhaps  Wigeling) 
being  another  name  for  )?urstan.  —  him,  ethical  dative,  '  for  them.' 

304.  Oswold :  Perhaps  Uswold,  Archbishop  of  York.  Cf .  A.  S. 
Chronicle,  963  and  992. 

320.  JE'Sels^r :  Father  of  the  brave  Godric,  and  perhaps  the  abbot 
mentioned  in  the  A.  S.  Chronicle  (963),  who  was  appointed  Abbot  of 
Niwan  Mynstre  in  964,  made  bishop  in  980,  and  who  succeeded  Dun- 
stan  in  988. 

brun:n^anburh. 

2.  beah :  cf .  Wright's  OeW,  Roman,  and  Saxon,  chap.  iv. 

5.  Brunnanburh  (this  spelling  for  metrical  reasons)  :  The  site  of 
the  place  is  still  a  matter  of  contention.  Ingulph's  Chronicle  gives  a 
minute  account  of  the  battle  and  locates  it  at  Brunford  in  North- 
umbria  ;  Ethelwerd's  Chronicle  gives  the  date  939  and  calls  the  place 
Brunandune ;  Malmesbury's  Chronicle  calls  it  Bruneford ;  Giles  in 
his  Six  0.  E.  Chronicles  gives  Brumby  in  Lincolnshire  as  the  site  ; 
Camden  locates  it  at  Broomridge  in  Northumberland;  Florence  of 
Worcester  places  it  on  or  near  the  Humber;  Thierry  {Norman  Con- 
quest) calls  it  Bamborough ;  others  place  it  at  Bromborough  in 
Cheshire;  Bosworth-Toller's  Dictionary  locates  it  "about  five  miles 
southwest  of  Durham,  or  in  the  plain  between  the  river  Tyne  and 
the  Browney  ";  while  Green,  Freeman,  and  Stubbs  speak  of  the  "un- 
known field  of  battle."  Notwithstanding  the  reasons  advanced  for 
Broomborough,  —  that  it  is  mentioned  as  the  site  of  a  battle  between 
iE^elred  and  the  Danes  in  937  and  that  it  is  close  to  the  water  and  so 
admits  of  a  ready  retreat  to  Dublin,  the  Danes'  place  of  refuge,  —  I 
am  inclined  to  hold  with  the  earlier  authorities  that  it  was  in  North- 
umbria  and  near  the  Humber.  Some  of  the  earlier  authors  call  the 
place  Wendune. 

6.  liifum  :  Cf.  Scotch  lave ;  hamora  lafum  =  what  is  left  after  the 
hammers  have  been  at  work,  sword  (Skeat). 

8.  oneo=  (1)  knee,  (2)  degree  of  relationship  reckoned  by  'knees' 
or  limbs.  Cf.  Schmid,  Gesetze  der  A.  S.  548 :  In  bam  briddan 
cneowe  mid  Grecum  mot  man  wif  niman. 


24  NOTES. 

12.  feld  dennofle :  '  The  field  became  slippery  with  the  blood  of 
warriors.'  Korner  reads  dynnede  ^  {das  Feld)  fiirbte  sich  dunkel; 
Rieger  has  /.  dynnede  s^cga  sweotum  =  the  field  resounded  under  the 
troops  of  soldiery,  i.e.  under  their  movement ;  Zupitza  would  connect 
it  with  Mod.  Engl,  den,  and  make  it  =  hide,  cover. 

24.  Myrce ;   The  Mercians  were  on  JESelstan's  side. 

29.  cyningas,  i.e.  under-kings  or  princes.  Cf.  Freeman,  Growth  of 
the  English  Constitution.,  chap.  i. 

35.  cread  :  Cf.  Paston  Letters,  iii.  215  :  crod  in  a  barwe  =  pushed 
along  in  a  wheelbarrow.  Cf.  also  Chaucer's  "Man  of  Law's  Tale," 
296  and  299  (Skeat). 

38.  cypjjc :   Cf.  neither  kith  nor  kin. 

54.  Dinges  as  a  proper  name  is  doubtful.  Korner  translates  it 
dunkel,  Jinster. 

55.  Dyfldn :   Dublin  is  spelt  Devilling  in  Barbour's  Bruce  (Skeat). 


GLOSS AEY 


[3  and  \y  appear  as  tJ ;  ae  follows  a ;  <y,  t.  The  normal  forms  given  are 
taken  directly  from  the  text.  —  means  that  the  word  occurs  in  its  glos- 
sary form.  B  refers  to  the  Battle  of  Brunnanburh.  Other  abbreviations 
do  not  require  explanation.] 

A. 


a,  av.,  always,  ever:  315. 
a-beodan,  sv.,  announce,  declare: 

imp.  sg.  abeod  49 ;   pret.  3  sg. 

abead  27. 
a-breoSan,  sv.,fail:  opt.  pres.  3 

sg.  abreo'Se  242. 
ac,  cj.,  but :  82, 193,  247,  252,  269, 

318. 
a-cw^cean,  wv.,  shake:  pret.  3 

sg.,  acwehte  255,  310. 
a-feallan,  rv. ,  fall :  pp.  af eallen 

202. 
a-flyman,  wv. ,  put  to  flight :  pret. 

3  sg.  aflymde  243. 
a-fysan,  wv.,  hasten  forth  {drive 

away  ?) :  inf.  —  3. 
agan,  anv. ,  own,  have  :  inf.  —  87  ; 

pres.  1  sg.  ah  175  ;  pret.  3  sg. 

ahte  189. 
a-getan,  wv.,  destroy,  kill:  pp. 

ageted  B  18. 
a-gyfan,  wv. ,  give,  return :  pret. 

3  sg.  ageaf  44 ;  pp.  agyfen  116, 
a-h^bban,  sv. ,  raise :   pret.  3  sg. 

ahof  130,  244  ;      1   pi.   (beot) 

ahof  on  (=boasted,  made  boast) 

213  ;  pp.  ahafen  106. 


a-lyfan,  wv.,  allow,  grant:    inf. 

—  90. 
a-myrran,    wv.,     mar,    wound: 

pret.  3  sg.  amyrde  165. 
an,  num.  aj.,  (1)  one:  asm.  anne 

117,    226;     (2)  (weak)   alone: 

nsm.   ana  94. 
and,  cj.,  and. 
and-lang,    aj.,    livelong,    entire: 

asm.  andlangne  B  21. 
and-SAvaru,  sf . ,  answer :  as.  and- 

sware  44. 
an-gin,   sn.,    undertaking,  enter- 
prise :  ns.  —  242. 
an-raed,  aj.,  resolute:  nsm.  — 44, 

132. 
ar,  sm. ,  messenger :  ns.  —  26. 
ar-hwaet,    aj.,   eager  for   glory, 

ambitious :      npm.      arhwate 

B    73. 
a-sceacan,  sv. ,  shake,  brandish : 

pret.  3  sg.  asceoc  230. 
a-s^cgan,  wv. ,  say,  tell :    pret.  3 

sg.  as«de  198. 
a-sw^bban,    wv.,    put  to   sleep, 

quiet,      kill :      pp.     aswefede 

B  30. 


26 


GLOSSARY. 


aefre,  av.,  ever:  271,  B  66. 
aeftan,  av.,  behind  :  B  63. 
sefter,  prp.  w.  dat.,  after:   65. 
seg-hwyle,    prn.,    each:  nsm. — 

234. 
aegtJer,  1. -prn., each:  nsm. — 133. 

2.   cj.jSg^er  .  .  .  and,   both  .  .  . 

und:  224. 
^nig,  prn.  aj.,  any :  nsm.  —  70; 

nsf.  —  195. 
ger,  1.  comp.  av.,  sooner,  before: 

60,  158,  198,  290.     Supl.  ^rest 

5,  186;  ^rost  124.     2.   cj.  w. 

opt.,  ere,  before  that:  61,  279, 

300. 
aerende,  sn.,  message:    as.  —  28. 
sernan,  wv.,  cause  to  run,  ride, 

gallop:  pret.  3  pi.  asrndon  191. 
ges,  sn.,  food,  carrion:    gs.  ieses 

107,  B  63. 
aeso,  sm.,  asJi,  spear:  as. — 43, 310. 
aesc-h^re,  sm.,  spear-arnuj,  ship- 
army  :  ns.  — 69. 
sesc-holt,  sn. ,  spear-shaft :  as.  — 

230. 
aet,  prp.  w.  dat.,   (1)  at,  in:    10, 

48,  55,  81,  104,  119,  123,  145, 

201,  212,  223,  268,  285,  288, 

307,  B  4,  8,   42,  44;    (2)  of, 

from :  39. 
aet-foraii,   prp.  w.   dat.,   before, 

close  by :  16. 
aet-s9mne,  av.,  together:  B  57. 
aetterne,  aj.,  poisonous:  nsm.  — 

146  ;  asm.  jittrynne  47. 
aet-witan,    sv. ,    tiuit,   reproach : 

inf.  —  220,  250. 
aeSele,   aj.,   noble:    nsm.  —  280; 


asm.  (w)  ae^elan  151 ;  nsf.  (w) 

—  B  16. 

aetJeling,  sm.,  noble,  prince:    ns. 

—  B  3,  58. 

aet^elo,  sf.  (indecl.  insg.),  nobility: 
as.  —  216. 

se\visc-mo(l,  aj.,  ashamed,  hu- 
miliated :  npm.  iewiscmode 
B   50. 


baldlice,  av.,  boldly:  311.    Supl. 

baldlicost  78. 
bana,  wm.,  murderer:  ns.  — 299. 
baee,   sn.,    back:    as.    ofer —  = 

backwards  276. 
be,  prp.  w.  dat.,  by:     (1)   local 

152,  318,  319,    big   182.     (2) 

causal  9. 
beadu,   sf.,  battle:   ds.  beaduwe 

185. 
beado-weoro,  sn.,  warlike  deed: 

gp.  beadoweorca  B  48. 
beadu-rjes,  sm.,  rush  of  battle, 

onset:  ns.  —  111. 
beah,  sm.,  ring,  bracelet,  collar: 

ap.  beagas  31,  160. 
beah-gifa,  wm.,  ring-giver,  lord: 

ds.  beahgifan  290,  ns.  —  B  2. 
beam,  sn. ,  child,  son :  ns.  —  92, 

155,  209,  238,  267,  300,  320; 

np.  —  186. 
be-ciiinan,  sv.,  come,  pass :  pret. 

2  pi.  bccomon  58. 
be-foraii,   prp.    w.    dat.,   before: 

B  67. 
begen,  num.  aj.,  both:    npm.  — 

191,  291,  305,  B  57  ;    apm.  — 

182. 


GLOSSARY. 


27 


bc-giotau,  sv.,  get,  obtain:  pret. 
3  pi.  begeaton  B  73. 

be-hiiidan,  prp.  w.  dat.,  behind: 
B  GO. 

b^no,  sf.,  bench:  ds.  bence  213. 

beon,  irrv.,  be:  inf.  —  185; 
eom,  I  am :  179,  317  ;  2  sg. 
eart  30;  3  sg.  is  31,  223,  233; 
opt.  pres.  3  sg.  sy  215;  pret.  3 
sg.  waes  23,  75,  76,  103,  104, 
107,  111,  140,  144,  146,  190, 
217,  218,  224,  266,  267,  299, 
301,  310,  B  7,  40;  pi.  WEeron 
110;  opt.  3  sg.  wiere  195,  240. 

beorgan,  sv.,  save,  protect,  pre- 
serve (w.  dat.)  :  pret.  3  pi. 
burgon  194, 

beorht,  aj.,  bright:  nsf.  — B  15. 

beorn,  sm.,  man,  retainer, prince: 
ns.  —  B  45;  gs.  beornes  131, 
160 ;  ds.  beorne  154, 245 ;  as.  — 
270 ;  np.  beomas  92 ;  gp. 
beorna  257,  B  2 ;  dp.  beornum 
101  ;  ap.  beornas  17,  62,  182, 
277,  305,  311. 

beot,  sn.,  boast:  as.  —  15,213; 
on  beot  =  boastfully  27. 

beotian,  wv.,  boast,  vow:  pret.  3 
sg.  beotode  290. 

beran,  sv.,  bear,  carry:  inf.  — 
12,  62  ;  pret.  3  pi.  baron  99  ; 
opt.  pret.  3  pi.  beron  67. 

berstan,  sv.,  burst:  pret.  3  sg. 
bserst  284. 

be-slean,  sv.,  cut  off,  deprive: 
pp.  beslsegen  B  42. 

be-standan,  sv. ,  stand  by,  beside, 
near:  pret.  3  pi.  bestodon  68. 

be-swlean,  sv.,  deceive,  betray: 
pp.  pi.  beswicene  238. 


b^tora,  see  god. 

be-\vegan,    sv.,    kill,    slay:    pp. 

bewegen  183. 
biddan,   sv.,  pray,   beseech,   en- 
treat :  pret.  3  sg.  bad  20,  128, 

170,  257 ;   pi.  biedon  87,  262, 

306. 
big,  see  be. 
bill,  sn.  sioord :   as.  —  162  ;  dp. 

billiim  114. 
bill-gesliht,     sn.,      clasJdng     of 

swords,  battle :  gs.  billgeslihtes 

B45. 
biter,  aj.,  bitter, fierce :    nsm.  — 

111  ;   apm.  bitere  85. 
blanden-feax,  aj.,  gray-headed: 

nsm.  —  B  45. 
bliSe,  aj.,  blithe,  joyful :    comp. 

nsm.  bliSra  146. 
blodig,  aj.,  bloody:  asm.  blodigne 

154. 
boc,  sf.,  book:  np.  bee  B  68. 
boda,    wm.,    messenger,   herald: 

vs.  —  49. 
boga,  wm.,  bow:  np.  bogan  110. 
bord,  sn.,  shield:  ns.  —  110;  gs. 

bordes  284  ;  as.  —  15,  42, 131, 

245,  270,  309  ;   gp.borda  295  ; 

dp.  bordum  101 ;  ap.  —  62,  283. 
bord-weall,  sm. ,  ivall  of  shields, 

testudo,  phalanx :    as.  —  277, 

B5. 
bosm,    sm.,    bosom:    ds.    bosme 

B  27. 
brad,  aj.,  broad :  asn.  —  15,  163  ; 

apn.  brade  B  71. 
breoan,  sv. ,  break :    pret.  3   sg. 

brsec  277  ;  pp.  brocen  1. 
bregdan,  sv.,  draw,  pluck:  pret. 

3  sg.  bried  154,  162. 


28 


GLOSSARY. 


brego,  sm.,  chief,  prince:  ns.  — 
B  33. 

breost,  sn.,  breast:  dp.  breos- 
tuni  144. 

bricg,  sf . ,  bridge :  as.  bricge  74, 
78. 

brirg-woard,  sm.,  bridge-guard : 
ap.  bricgweardas  85. 

brim,  sn.,  wave,  sea:  ap.  brimu 
B  71. 

brim-liSend,  sm.,  seafarer,  pi- 
rate :  gp.  brimUSendra  27. 

brim-man,  sm.,  sailor,  seaman: 
np.  brimmen  295 ;  gp.  brim- 
manna  49. 

brother,  sm.,  brother:  ns.  — 282, 
B  2  ;  np.  broSru  191. 

briicaii,  sv.,  use,  enjoy  (w.  gen.): 
inf.  —  B  63. 

brun-^ceg,  aj.,  brown-edged:  asn. 

—  163. 
Brunnaii-burli,  sf.,  pr.  n.,Brun- 

nanburh  (Uurliam?) :  as.  —  B  5. 
Bryteii,  sf.,  pr.  n.,  Britain:    as. 

Brytene  B  71. 
bryttigan,  wv.,  tear,  rend:    inf. 

—  B60. 

bugan,  sv.,  boto,  turn,  flee:  inf. 

—  276 ;  pret.  3  pi.  bugon  185. 
burh,  sf.,  city,  fortress:  as.  —  291. 
bOr-'den,   sm.,  chamberlain:    ds. 

burSene  121. 
bfiton,  cj.  w.  opt.,  unless:   71. 
byldan,  wv. , encourage, embolden: 

pret.  3  sg.  bylde  169,  209,  234, 

320. 
byre,  sm.,  opportunity:  as.  — 121. 
byrne,  wf.,  corselet,  coat-of-mail: 

ns.— 144, 284 ;  as.  byrnan  163. 
bysig,    aj.,    busy:     npm.    bysige 

110. 


caf,  aj.,  bold,  brave:   asm.  cafne 

76. 
caflice,  av.,  bravely,  stoutly:  153. 
cald,  aj.,  cold:  asn.  — 91. 
camp,  sm.,  battle:  ds.  campe  B  8. 
camp-st^de,  sm.,  battle-field:  ds. 

—  B  29,  49. 

candel,  sf.,  candle:    ns.  —  B  15. 
ceallian,  wv.,  call:  inf.  —  91. 
celled,  aj.,  curved,  hollow:    asn. 

—  283. 

c^mpa,  wm.,  loarrior :  ns.  —  119. 
cene,  aj.,  keen,  bold, fierce:  nsm. 

—  215  ;    apm.  —  283  ;    comp. 
nsn.  Genre  312. 

ceorl,  sm.,  freeman,  man :  ns.  — 

256  ;  ds.  ceorle  132. 
cleofan,  sv. ,   cleave :    pret.  3  pi. 

clufon  283,  B  5. 
clypian,  wv.,  call,  cry  out:  pret. 

3  sg.  clypode  25,  256. 
cnear,  sm.,  ship,  galley:    ns.  — 

B35. 
cneo-mSg,  sm.,    kinsman:    dp. 

cneomagum  B  8. 
oniht,  sm.,  youth,  knight:   ns.  — 

9,  153. 
creodan,  sv. ,  crowd,  press :  pret. 

3  sg.  cread  B  35. 
crincgan,  sv.,  cringe,  yield,  fall, 

perish:  inf.  —  292,  pret.  3  pi. 

crungon  B  10,  cruncon  302. 
oilman,    sv.,    come:    pret.  3  sg. 

com  (')•")  ;  pp.  cumon  104. 
oumbol-gohnast,  sn.,  conflict  of 

banners,   battle:    gs.    cumbol- 

gehnastes  B  49. 
cnnnian,  wv.,  prove,  try:  inf.  — 

215. 


GLOSSARY. 


29 


cweSan,  sv.,  speak:    pret.  3  sg. 

cwseS  -211,  255. 
cyning,  sm.,  king :  ns.  —  B  1,  35, 

5b ;  np.  cyningas  B  29. 
cyiin,  sn.,  kin,  family:  gs.  cyiines 

217,  200;  ds.  cynne  70. 
cyrin,  sin.,  noise,  shout,  uproar: 

ns.  —  107. 
cyiWu,   sf.,  place,   native  land: 

as.  cy-SSe  B  38,  58. 

D. 

darotf,  sm.,  dart,  spear:    as.  — 

1411,  255  ;  gp.  daroSa  B  54. 
daeg,  sm.,  day:  as.  —  li>8,  B  21. 
daeg-weorc,  sn.,  day''s  work:  gs. 

dsegweorces  148. 
deelan,  wv,,  deal,  dispense:   opt. 

pres.  1  pi.  d^lon  33. 
D^ne,  pr.  n.,  Danes:    dp.  Denon 

129. 
dennian,  \w.,  become  slippery  {?): 

pret.  3  sg.  dennode  B  12. 
deop,  aj.,  deep :  asn.  —  B  55. 
deor,  sn.,  (wild)  animal:    as.  — 

B64. 
dorian,  wv.,  harm,  injure  (with 

dat.):  inf. —  70. 
Ding,  pr.  n. :    gs.  Dinges  B  54  ; 

dinges  mere,  sea  of  dashinq. 
dom,  sm.,  (1)  judgment,  choice: 

as.  —  38;    (2)   glory,    honor: 

as.  —  129. 
don,  irrv.,  do:    pret.  3  sg.  dyde 

280 ;  pp.  gedon  197. 
dr^ng,  sm.,  warrior:  gp.  drenga 

149. 
dreorig,  aj.,  dreary,  sad:  nsf.  — 

B64. 


drihten,  sm.,  lord,  God:  ns.  — 
148,  B  1  ;  gs.  Drilitnes  B  10. 

dugan,  anv. ,  avail :  pres.  3  sg. 
deah  48. 

dugu'S,  sf.,  benefit,  advantage, 
honor:  ds.  duguSe  197. 

Dyiiin,  pr.  n.,  Dublin:  as.  —  B  55. 


E. 


eao,  av.,  also,  moreover :  11,  B  2, 
19,  30,  37. 

eafora,  wm.,  son:  np.  eaforan  B 
7 ;  ap.  eaforan  B  52. 

eald,  aj.,  old:  nsm.  — 310,  B  40  ; 
nsm.  (w)  ealda  faeder  =  grand- 
father (ancestor  ?)  218  ;  npm. 
ealde  B  09  ;  apn.  ealde  47. 

ealdor,  sm.,  prince,  lord  :  ns.  — 
202,  222,  314  ;  gs.  ealdres  53  ; 
ds.  ealdre,  11. 

ealdor-lang,  aj.,  lifelong:  asm. 
ealdorlangne  B  3. 

ealdor-nian,  sm. ,  alderman,  mag- 
istrate: ns.  —  219. 

ealgian,  wv. ,  defend :  pret.  3  pi. 
ealgodon  B  9. 

eall,  aj.,  all:  asn. —  (ofer  — , 
everywhere)  250 ;  asf.  ealle 
304  ;  npm.  ealle  03,  203,  207  ; 
gpm.  ealra  174  ;  dpm.  ealliim 
210,  233  ;  apm.  ealle  231,  238, 
320;  apf.eallel9e.  av.,aZ/;314. 

eard,  sm.,  home,  land,  country : 
as.  —  53,  58,  222,  B  73. 

ear-gebland,  sn.,  wave-mingling, 
ocean :  as.  —  B  20. 

earh,  aj.,  cowardly :  nsm.  — 238. 

earm,  sm.,  arm:  as.  —  105. 


30 


GLOSSARY. 


earn,  sm.,  eagle:  ns.  —  107;   as. 

—  13  03. 
eiistan,  SiV.,  front  the  east:  B  G9. 
ea-ste(5,  sn.,  river-brink  :    ds.  ea- 

ste«e  63. 
East-seaxe,  sm.  pi.,  pr.  n.,  East- 
Saxons  :  g.  Eastseaxena  09. 
^bba,  \vm.,  ebb:  ds.  ebban  05. 
ece,     aj.,     eternal:      gsm.     eces 

B  10. 
^cg,  sf . ,  edge,  sword  :    ns.  —  60  ; 

dp.  ecgum  B  4,  08. 
efstan,  wv.,  hasten:   pret.  3  pi. 

efston  200. 
^ft,  av.,  again,  afterwards:  49, 

150,  201,  B  56. 
^llen,   sn.,   valor,   courage:     as. 

on  ellen,  boldly  211. 
embe,  vid.  ymbe. 
^ngel,  sm.,  angel:  gp.  engla  178. 
:^ngle,  sm.  pi.,  pr.  n..  Angles: 

np.  —  B  70. 
code,  vid.  gan. 
eoh,  sm.,  horse:  as.  —  189. 
eored-eyst,  sf . ,  troop  :  dp.  eored- 

cystum  B  21. 
eorl,  sm.,  (1)  Danish  title  equiva- 
lent to  ealdorman :    np.  eorlas 
B  31.    (2)  used  of  an  ealdor- 
man:   ns.  —6,   51,   89,   132, 
146,  203,  233  ;  gs.  eorles  105  ; 
ds.  eorle  28,  159.    (3)  warrior: 
np.    eorlas    B  73;     gp.   eorla 
Bl. 
eornoste,  av.,  earnestly:  281. 
eor'ffe,  wf.,  earth:  ds.  eorSan  107, 
157,  2.33;  as.  eorSan  126,  286, 
303. 
eSel,  sm.,  native  land:  as.  —  52. 


F. 

faran,  sv.,  go:  inf.  —  88,  156. 
faeder,  sm.,  father :  ns.  —  218. 
faege,   aj.,  doomed,  fated :   nsm. 

—  119;  gsm.  f*ges297;  dsm. 
fiegean  125  ;  npm.  —  105,  B 
12,  28. 

fa>gere,  av.,  fairly,  well:  22. 
fiChg,  st,  feud:  as.  fahtSe  225. 
faer-sceada,  \vm.,  sudden  enemy : 

ds.  fierscea'San  142. 
faiste,  Siv.,  firmly,  fast :    21,  103, 

171,  301. 
faesten,  sn.,  fastness,  fort:  as.  — 

194. 
faestliee,  a,\.,  firmly,  bravely:  82, 

254. 
faestnian,     wv. ,     confirm :     inf. 

—  35. 

feallan,  red.  v.,  fall:    inf.  —  54, 

105 ;  pret.  3  sg.  feol  126,  303 ; 

feoll  119,  166,  286  ;  pi.  feollon 

111,  B  12. 
fealo-hilto,      aj.,     fallow-hilted, 

golden-hilted :  nsm.  —  100. 
fealu,   aj.,  falloio,  dusky,  dark: 

asm.  fealone  B  30. 
fela,    indecl.  aj.  w.  gen.,   much, 

many:  73,  90. 
feld,  sm., field:  ns.  —  B  12  ;   ds. 

felda  241. 
feoh,  sn.,  [cattle],  money,  riches: 

as.  —  39. 
feohte,  vft, fight:  ns.  —  103. 
foohtan,  sw, fight :  inf.  —  10,  261 ; 

pret.  3  sg.  feaht  254,  277,  281, 

208. 
feol-hoard,    aj.,    hard  as  a  file: 

apn.  feolliearde  108. 


GLOSSARY. 


31 


feond,  sm.,  enemy:   ap.  fynd  82; 

dp.  ft'ondum  103,  20-1. 
feor,  av.,  far:  3,  57. 
feorh,  sm.,    (1)    life:    gs.    feores 

200 ;  ds.  feore  194,  250  ;  as.  — 

125,  142,  184,  B  36  ;  (2)  spirit, 

soul :  gs.  feores  317. 
feorh-hus,     sn.,     body:      as.  — 

297. 
feraii.  vrv.,  go:  inf.  —  41,  221. 
f^rian,  wv.,  go  (?)  :    inf.  —  179. 

Generally  carry.  • 
feSa,    wm.,    band    of   infantry , 

troop :  ap.  fe-San  88. 
fif,  nnm..,  five:  npm.  fife  B  28. 
findan,  sv. ,  find  :  pret.  3  pi.  fun- 
don  85. 
flan  (fla),  sm.,  arroiv :    gs.  flanes 

71  ;  ap.  —  269. 
fleam,  sm.,  flight :  as.  — 81,  254; 

ds.  fleame  186,  B  37. 
fleogan,  sv.,(l);?y;  inf.— 7, 109, 

150;  (2) flee:  inf. —275. 
fleon,  sv.,flee:  inf.  — 247  ;  pret. 

3  pi.  flugon  194. 
flod,  sm. ,  flood,  flood-tide :  ns.  — 

65,  72  ;  as.  —  B  36. 
flot,  sn.,  sea :  as.  —  41,  B  35. 
flota,  wm.,  sailor,  pirate:  as.  flo- 

tan  227  ;    np.  flotan  72  ;    gp. 

flotena  B  32. 
flowan,  Tedy.,flow:  ptc.  flowende 

65. 
flyht,  sm.,  flight:  as.  — 71. 
folc,    sn.,   folk,   people,   nation, 

army :      ns.  —  45,    241  ;     gs. 

folces  202,  B  67  ;  ds.  folce227, 

259,  323  ;  as.  —  22,  54. 
folc-st^de,  sm.,  folk-place,  battle- 
field :  ds.  —  B  41. 


folde,  wf.,  ground,  land,  country: 

ds.  foldan  227  ;  as.  foldan  54, 

166. 
folme  (folm),   wf.,  palm,  hand: 

ds.  folman  21,  108,  150. 
fon,  redv.,  seize,  grasp:   pret.  3 

sg.  w.  to,  feng  10. 
for,  prp.  w.  dat.,  for,  on  account 

of,  because  of:  64,  89,  96,  259. 

—  Sun,  therefore  241. 
for-bugan,     sv.,     avoid,    escape 

from,  shun:   pret.   3  sg.  for- 

beah  325. 
ford,  sm. ,  ford :    as.  —  88  ;    ds. 

forda  81. 
for-glfan,   sv.,   give,    vouchsafe, 

inflict :  pret.  3  sg.  forgeaf  139, 

148. 
for-grindan,  sv.,  grind  to  pieces, 

mangle,  destroy  :  pp.  forgrun- 

den  B  43. 
for-gyldan,  sv.,  requite,  pay  off: 

opt.  pres.  2  pi.  forgyldon  32. 
for-heard,  aj.,  very  hard:    asm. 

forlieardne  156. 
for-heawan,    redv.,    cut    down, 

slay :  pp.  forheawen  115,  223, 

288,  314. 
for-hogian,  wv. ,  despise :  pret.  3 

sg.  forhogode  254. 
forhtian,   wv.,  fear,  be  afraid: 

opt.  pret.  3  pi.  forhtedon  21. 
for-l«tan,  redv. ,  let,  let  go,  give 

up,  forsake,  abandon:  inf.  — 

2,  208  ;    pret.  3  sg.  forlet  149, 

156,  187,  321,  B  42. 
forma,  supl.  a,j.,flrst:    asm.  for- 

man  77  ;  nsm.  fyrmest  323. 
for-mQiii,  aj.,  very  many  a :  nsm. 

—  239. 


32 


GLOSSARY. 


forS,  av.,  forth^  forwards,  on- 
wards, still :  3,  12,  150,  170, 
205,  209,  225,  229,  260,  269, 
297,  B  20. 

for(5-georii,  aj.,  eager  to  advance, 
impetuous:  nsm.  — 281. 

for-wegan,  sv.,  kill,  slay:  pp. 
forwegen  228. 

f 6t,  sin. ,  foot :  gs.  f otes  247  ;  dp. 
futum  119,  171. 

fot-mail,  sn.,  space  of  a  foot: 
as.  —  275. 

fram,  prp.  w.  dat.  &  inst.,  from, 
away  from :  (1)  dat.:  185, 187, 
193,  252,  B  8.     (2)  inst. :  316. 

fram,  av.,  away:  317. 

franca,  wm.,  javelin,  lance:  ds. 
francan  77  ;  as.  francan  140. 

frea,  wm.,  lord:  ds.  frean  12,  16, 
184,  289  ;  as.  frean  259. 

freod,  sf.,  good-will,  peace,  truce: 
ds.  freode  39. 

freond,  &m.,  friend:  gp.  freonda 
B  41  ;  ap.  frynd  229. 

fri?J,  sm  (n).,  peace:  gs.  fri'Ses 
41  ;    ds.  friSe  179  ;    as.  —  39. 

frod,  aj.,  wise,  prudent,  skillful, 
old:  nsm.  —  140,  317  ;  nsm. 
(w.)  froda  B  37. 

ivy  u\i\\,?i].,  suppliant  :r\Bva.. — 179. 

full,  av.,  full,  perfectly,  very: 
153  ;  ful  253,  311. 

fur?Jor,  av.,  further,  forwards: 
247. 

ffis,  aj.,  ready,  eager:  nsm. — 281. 

fyl,  sm.,/aZ;,  death:  as.  —  71,  204. 

fylstan,  wv.  w.  dat.,  help,  aid: 
inf. —265. 

fyrd,  sf.,  campaign,  military  ex- 
pedition: ds.  fyrde  221. 


fyrd-rine,sm.,  soldier:  ns. — 140. 
fyniiest,  see  forma. 
fysan,  wv.,  speed  {an arrow),  send 
forth:  pret.3sg.  fysde  269. 


gafol,  sn.,  tribute:  ds.  gafole  32, 

46  ;  as.  —  61. 
gan,  irrv.,  go,  come:  inf.  —  247; 

imp.  2  pi.  ga'5  93  ;    pret.  3  sg. 

eode  132,  159,  225,  297,  323; 

pi.  eodon  260 ;  opt.  3  pi.  eo- 

don  229. 
gangan,   sv.,   go,   march,   betake 

one' s  self :  inf.— 3,  40,  62,  170; 

opt.  2  pi.  gangon  56. 
gar,   sm.,   spear,  javelin :  ns. — 

296  ;  ds.  gare  138  ;   as.  —  13, 

134,  154,  237,  321  ;    ap.  gilras 

46,  67,  109 ;    dp.  garum  B  18. 
gar-berend,    sm.,    spear-bearer, 

soldier :  np.  —  262. 
gar-niitting,     sf.,     meeting     of 

spears,  battle:  gs.  garmittinge 

B50. 
gar-rais,    sm.,     spear-encounter, 

battle :    as.  —  32. 
gast,  sm.,  spirit,  soul:    ds.  giiste 

176. 
g(e)-ealgean,  wv.,  defend:    inf. 

—  52. 

gearo,  aj.,  ready,  equipped:  nsm. 

—  274  ;  npm.  gearowe  72,  100. 
ge-ae<5ele,  aj.,  batting  noble  birth : 

nsn.  — B  7. 

gOi-ba'dan,  ^^T.,  compel,  con- 
strain: pp.  gebj^ded  B  33. 

go-boorg,  sn.,  defence,  safety: 
ds.  gebeorge  31,  131,  245. 


GLOSSARY. 


33 


ge-bidan,  sv.,  experience^  meet 
with:  pret.  1  sg.  gebful  174, 

go-brtec,  sn.,  breaking^  crashing: 
ns.  —  295. 

ge-bro'ffor,  sm.,  pi.  taut.,  broth- 
ers: n.  — B  57,  gebroSru  305. 

ge-camp,  sm.,  battle:  ds.  ge- 
campe  153. 

ge-ceosan,  sv. ,  choose :  pret.  3  sg. 
geceas  113. 

ge-crinean,  sv.,  cringe^  fall: 
pret.  3  sg.  gecranc  250,  324. 

ge-cwecJan,  sv.,  speak:  pret.  3 
sg.  gecwse'S  168. 

ge-cy(5an,  wv.,  make  known,  de- 
clare: inf.  —  216. 

ge-earnung,  sf.,  earning,  desert 
{service,  favor  9) :  ap.  geear- 
nunga  196. 

ge-f?cgan,  wv.,  take,  seize:  inf. 
—  160. 

ge-feoht,  sn.,  fight,  battle:  ds. 
gefeohte  12,  B  28. 

gefeohtan,  wv. ,  win,  gain  by  fight- 
ing :  inf.  —  129. 

ge-fera,  wm.,  companion,  com- 
rade :  ns.  —  280  ;  ap.  geferan 
170,  229. 

ge-flyman,  wv. ,  put  tofiight :  pp. 
geflymed  B  32. 

ge-fortJian,  wv. ,  accomplish :  pp. 
gefor«od  289. 

ge-fyllan,  wv.,  deprive  of  (w. 
gen.) :  pp.  gefylled  B  41. 

ge-fyllan,  wv.,  accomplish,  effect: 
pp.  gefylled  B  67. 

ge-gangan,  sv. ,  obtain :  inf.  —  59. 

ge-gr^mian,  wv.,  excite,  enrage: 
pp.  gegremod  138,  gegremode 
296. 


ge-grindan,  wv.,  grind,  s?iar]jen: 

pp.  gegrundene  109. 
ge-hatan,  redv.,  promise:   pres. 

1  sg.  gehate  246 ;    pret.  3  sg. 

gehet  289. 
gehealdan,  redv. ,  hold :  inf. — 167. 
ge-h^nde,  prp.  w.  dat. ,  near,  by : 

294. 
ge-hleapan,  redv.,  leap  upon  (a 

horse),  mount:   pret.  3  sg.  ge- 

hleop  189. 
ge-hlystan,  wv.,  listen:   pret.  3 

pi.  gehlyston  92. 
ge-hwa,    prn.,    each:    asm.    ge- 

hwaene  B  9. 
ge-hwae?fer,  prn.  aj.,  either,  both: 

ds.  gehwse'Sere  112. 
ge-hwylc,  prn.,  each,  every  one: 

ns.  —  128,  257. 
ge-hyran,  wv. ,  hear :    pres.  2  sg. 

gehyrst  45 ;  pret.  1  sg.  gehyrde 

117. 
ge-laestan,  wv.,  (1)  accomplish: 

pret.  3  sg.  gel£este  15;  (2)  help, 

serve  (w.  dat.) :  inf.  —  11. 
ge-l^ttan,  wv. ,  hinder :  pret.  3  sg. 

gelette  164. 
ge-mana,  wm. ,  intercourse,  join- 
ing :  gs.  gemanan  B  40. 
ge-nianian,   wv.,  admonish,    ex- 
hort: pp.  gemanode  231. 
ge-maelan,  wv. ,  speak :  pret.  3  sg. 

gemgelde  230,  244. 
ge-mot,  sn.,  meeting,  assembly, 

concourse:      ns. — 301;     gs. 

gemotes  B  50  ;  as.  —  199. 
ge-miinan,  anv.,  remember,  bear 

in  mind:    imp.  2  pi.  gemuna'S 

212  ;  pret.  3  sg.  gemunde  225; 

opt.  3  pi.  gemundon  196. 


34 


GLOSSARY. 


ge-neat,  sm.,  companion:   ns.  — 

;uo. 

ge-nehe,  ?iY .  ^  frequently :  209. 
ge-ii^riaii,  wv.,  save:  pret.  3  sg. 

geiif^rede  B  oO. 
ge-uiiiian,  sv. ,  take^  receive :  opt. 

pret.  3  sg.  gename  71. 
geong,  aj.,  young:    nsm.  — 210, 

(w)  geonga  155  ;  asm.  geongne 

B  44  ;   npm.  geonge  B  29. 
georii,  aj.  w.  gen.,  eager  for  ^  de- 
sirous of:  nsm.  —  107  ;   npm. 

georne  73. 
georne,  av.,  eagerly :  84, 123,  200. 
geornful,     aj.,     eager ^    zealous: 

nsm.  —  274. 
geornlice,  av.,  eagerly:  205. 
ge-rtecan,  wv. ,  reach :  pret.  3  sg. 

gerShte  142,  158,  220. 
ge-r^dan,  wv.,  advise,  counsel: 

pres.  2  sg.  ger*dest  30. 
ge-rfcede,  sn.,  harness,  trappings: 

dp.  ger^diim  190. 
ge-renian,  wv.,  adorn:    pp.  ge- 

renod  101. 
ge-ryman,  wv. ,  open  up  (a  way)  : 

pp.  gerymed  93. 
ge-sceaft,   sf.,    creature:    ns.  — 

B  10. 
ge-secan,  wv. ,  seek :  inf.  —  222  ; 

pret.   3  sg.  gesohte  287 ;    pi. 

gesohton  B  27. 
ge-s^cgan,  wv.,  say :    pret.  3  sg. 

gesJbde  120. 
ge-s^llan,    wv.,    give,   give   up: 

pret.  3  sg.  gesealde  188;   pi. 

gesealdon  184. 
ge-seman,  wv.,  reconcile:  inf.  — 

00. 
ge-seon,  sv.,  see:    pret.  3  pi.  ge- 

sawon  203. 


ge-slean,  sv.,  win,  gain  by  fight- 
ing :    pret.  3  pi.  gesldgon  B  4. 
ge-staiidan,  sv.,  stand:    inf.  — 

171. 
ge-syrwan,    wv.,    arm,     equip: 

pp.  gesyrwed  159. 
ge-toht,  sn.,  battle:    ds.  getohte 

104. 
ge-trymman,  wv. ,  prepare,  array, 

draw  up:  pp.  getrymmed  22. 
ge-Sane,    sn.,   thought,  purpose: 

as.  —  13. 
ge-(k)lian,    wv.,     suffer,    allow: 

inf.  —  0. 
ge-Srang,  sn.,  throng,  crowd:  ds. 

ge^range  299. 
ge-unnan,  anv.,  give,  grant  (gen. 

of  thing,  dat.  of  pers.) :    opt. 

pres.  2  sg.  geunne  170. 
ge-wadan,  sv.,  go:    pret.  3  sg. 

gewod  157. 
ge- weald,   sn.,  power,  keeping: 

as.  —  178. 
ge-wlnn,  sn. ,  battle,  contest :  ds. 

gewinne  248,  302  ;  as.  —  214. 
ge-winnan,  sv.,  win:  inf.  — 125. 
ge-'\A'Ttan,  sv.,  go,  withdraw,  re- 
treat:   pret.  3   sg.   gewat  72, 

150,  B  35 ;  pi.  gewiton  B  53. 
ge-wrecan,  sv. ,  avenge :  inf.  208, 

203. 
ge-wundian,    wv.,    wound:    pp. 

gewundod  135. 
ge-Avyrcan,    wv.,    work:    inf.  — 

81  {— ncixiu  =  take  flight),  2CA. 
glidan,    sv.,    glide:    pret.    3   sg. 

glad  B  15. 
gnornian,    wv.,    grieve,    mourn: 

inf.  —  315. 
God,  sni.,   God:    ns. — 94;     gs. 

Codes  B  15  ;    as.  —  202. 


GLOSSARY. 


35 


god,  aj.,  good:  nsm.  — 315  ;  dsin. 

godum  4  ;  asm.  (\v.)  godan  187  ; 

asn.  —  lo,   237  ;     apm.    gode 

170.     Comp.  betera:   nsm.  — 

(lord)   27(3 ;    nsn.    betere   31 ; 

npm.  beteran  B  -48. 
god,  sii.,  good,  benefit,  happiness: 

gs.  godes  17(3. 
gold,  sn.,  gold:  ds.  golde  35. 
gram,   aj.,  fierce,  hostile:    npm. 

grame  202 ;  dpm.  gramum  100. 
griedig,  aj.,  greedy:    asm.  gr^- 

digne  B  (34. 
graeg,aj.,  gray:  asn.  (w.)gr^ge  B 

64. 
greot,  sn. ,  dust,  earth :  ds.  greote 

315. 
grim,  ?i].,  grim, fierce:  nsm.  — 61. 
gri?f,  sn. ,  peace :  as.  —  35. 
grund,  sm. ,  ground,  plain,  earth : 

as.  —  287  ;   ap.  grundas  B  15. 
gryre-Ieo'5,   sn.,    song  of  terror: 

gp.  gryreleo'Sa  285. 
guma,   wm.,  man:   ns. — B  18 ; 

vp.   gum  an   94 ;    gp.    gumena 

B50. 
gfi^f,   sf.,   war,   battle:    gs.  gu'Se 

192  ;  ds.  gu«e  13,  94,  187,  285, 

296,  321,  B  44  ;    as.  givSe  325. 
gu^-hafoc,  sm.,  warhaivk,  eagle: 

as.  —  B  64. 
gu3-ploga,  wm.,  war-play,  battle: 

ns.  —  61. 
gfu3-rinc,  sm.,  warrior:  ns. — 138. 
gjrf,    cj.    w.    ind.,    if:    36,    196; 

gif  34. 
gylpan,  wv.  w.  gen.,  boast:    inf. 

—  B44. 
gylp-Avord,   sn.,   boastful   word: 

dp.  gylpwordum  274. 


gyman,  wv.  w.  gen.,  care  for: 
pret.  3  pi.  gymdon  192. 

gysel,  sm.,  hostage:  ns.  —  265. 

gyst,  sm.,  guest,  stranger:  np. 
gystas  86. 

gyt,  av.,  yet,  still:    168,  273. 

gyta,  av. ,  yet :  B  66. 

H. 

habban,  wv. ,  have :  inf.  —  236 ; 

pres.  2  i^g.  hafast  231 ;    3  sg. 

hsefS  237;    pret.  3  sg.  lia^fde 

13,  22,  121,  289. 
hafenian,  wv.,  raise,  lift:  pret.  3 

sg.  bafeuode  42,  309. 
hafoe,  sm.,  hawk:  as.  —  8. 
hal,  aj.,  sound,  safe:    npm.  bale 

292. 
hals,  sm.,  neck:  as.  —  141. 
ham,  sm. ,  home :    ds.  hame  292  ; 

as.  —  251 ;  ap.  liamas  B  10. 
hamor,  sm., hammer :  gp.  liamora 

B6. 
hand,  sf.,(l)  hand:  as. — 141  ;  ds. 

lianda  149;  dp.  handum4,  14; 

handon  7;  (2)  side :  ds.  — 112. 
hand-plega,     wm. ,      hand-play, 

battle :  gs.  handplegan  B  25. 
bar,    aj.,   hoary,  gray:    nsm.  — 

169,  B  39. 
baso-pad,  aj.,  having  a  gray  gar- 
ment:   asm.    (w.)    basopadan 

B  62. 
batan,  redv.,  (1)  order,  command: 

pret.  3  sg.  bet  2,  62,  74,  101 ; 

pi.  beton  30;    (2)  call,  name: 

pp.  baten  75,  218. 
ba'le(5,  sm.,  man,  warrior,  hero: 

np.  —  214,   249;    gp.   bsele-Sa 

74,  B  25. 


36 


GLOSSARY. 


hse^en,  a,j.yJieatJien :  npm.  bajSene 

55,  181. 
he,  heo,  hit,  3  pers.  prn. ,  he,  sfie, 

it:  nsm.  he  7  ;  gs.  his  11  ;  ds. 

him  7  ;  as.  hine  164,  181 ;  up. 

hi  19;    gp.  hyra  70,  heora  B 

47  ;  dp.  him  60,  197,  198,  265  ; 

ap.  hi  127,  209,  320 ;    asf.  hi 

180  ;  nsn.  liit  60,  137. 
healdan,   redv.,  hold,  keep,  pre- 
serve: hif.  14, 19,  74, 102,  236  ; 

opt.  pret,  3  pi.  heoldon  20,  — 

\v.  gen.  inf.  —  41. 
healf,  sf.,  half,  side:   ds.  healfe 

152,  318. 
heall,  sf . ,  hall :  ds.  healle  214. 
heanlic,  aj.,  shameful,  disgrace- 
ful :  nsn.  —  55. 
heard,-  aj.,  hard,  sharp,  severe, 

dire,  bold,  stout:  nsm.  —  130; 

gsm.    heardes    B    25 ;      gsn. 

heardes  266 ;  asm.  heardne 

167,  236;  asf.  hearde  33; 

comp.  nsm.  heardra  312. 
heardlice,  av.,   bravely,  stoutly: 

201. 
hearm,    sm.,   harm,   grief:    gp. 

hcarnia  223. 
heaO'o-lind,       sf.,       war-linden, 

shield:    ap.    hea'Solinda   B  0. 
heawan,   redv.,    hew,  cut,  slay: 

pret.    3    sg.    heow    324;     pi. 

heowon  181,  B  0,  23. 
h^l-scea(5a,  wm. ,  hell-fiend,  devil : 

np.  h^lsceaSan  180, 
heofon,  sm.,  heaven:  dp.  heofen- 

um  172. 
heoiioii,  av.,  hence:  240. 
h<'(>rra,  wm.,  lord:  ns.  —  204. 
heorto,    wf.,    heart:    ns. — 312; 

ds.  heoitan  145. 


heor?J-geneat,  sm.,  hearth-com- 
panion, retainer:  np.  heorS- 
geneatas  204. 

heorS-werod,  sn. ,  band  of  hearth- 
retainers  :  as.  —  24. 

her,  av.,  here,  at  this  time:  30,  51, 
241,  243,  314,  B  1. 

h^re,  sm.,  army  (Danish) :  ds.  — 
292  ;  gs.  herges  B  31. 

h^re-flyma,  wm.,  fugitive  from 
battle,  deserter :  ap.  hereflynian 
B  23. 

h^re-geatu,  sf.,  military  equip- 
ment, arms :  as.  —  48. 

h^re-laf,  sf.,  remnant  of  an  army: 
dp.  herelafum  B  47. 

h^ttend,  sm.,  enemy:  np.  — B  10. 

hiegan,  wv.,  think,  trust:  iiif. — 4. 

hider,  av.,  hither:  57,  B  09. 

hige,  sm.,  heart,  mind:  ns.  — 
312  ;  ds.  —  4. 

hild,  sf.,  battle:  ds.  hilde  8,  48, 
55,  123,  223,  288,  324  ;  as. 
hilde  33. 

hilde-rinc,  sm.,  warrior:  ns.  — 
109,  B  38. 

hiiidan,  av.,/ro?n  behind,  behind: 
B  23. 

hirediiiaii,  sm.,  household  retain- 
er:  np.  hiredmen  201. 

hlaford,  sm.,  lord,  ruler:  ns.  — 
135,  189,  224, 240  ;  ds.  hlaforde 
318. 

hliiford-leas,  aj.,  without  a  lord: 
nsm.  —  251. 

lUeo,  sn.,  (shelter)  protector:  ns. 
—  74. 

hiihhaii,  sv.,  laugh:  inf.  —  B  47  ; 
l)rct.  3  sg.  Idoli  147. 

hogiaii,  wv.,  (1)  think,  consider.-' 
pret.  3  pi.  hogodon  123  ;    opt. 


GLOSSARY. 


3T 


pret.  3  sg.  hogode  128 ;  (2)  w. 
gen.,  ivish:  pret.  3  sg.  hogode 

133. 
hold,  a].,  faithful,  devoted:    asii. 

(supl.)  lioldost  24. 
holt,  sn. ,  loood,  grove :  gs.  holtes  8. 
hord,  sm.  (n.),  hoard,  treasure: 

as.  —  B  10. 
hors,  sn.,  horse:  as.  —  2. 
hra,  sm.(n.),  corpse:  ap.  —  B60. 
hraefn,  sm.,  raven:  as. — B  61; 

np.  liremmas  106. 
hream,  sm.,  cry,  noise,  tumult: 

ns.  —  106. 
hrem,  see  hraefn. 
hreman,  wv.,  w.  gen.,  boast,  ex- 
ult: inf.  —  B  39. 
hreniig,    aj.,   exultant,    boasting 

(w.  gen.)  :  npni.  liremige  B  59. 
hring,     sm.,    ring:    ap.    hringas 

101. 
hring-Ioca,  wm. ,  corselet  (formed 

of  rings) :  ap.  hringlocan  145. 
hii,  av.,  how:  19. 
hwa,  hwaet,  pm.,  (1)  interr.,  loho, 

what:  nsm.  liwa  95,  124,  215  ; 

asn.  hwset  45;   hwset,  interj., 

to !  what  I  231.    (2)  indef . ,  some 

one,   one,   certain  one:    nsm. 

hwa  71 ;  asm.  hy\^8ene  2. 
hwsenne,  av.,  wJien:  67. 
hwn,  sf.,  while,  time:  as.  hwile 

14,  83,  235,  272,  304 ;    dp.  as 

av.  hwilon  270. 
hwTt,  aj.,  white:  asm.  [!]  —  B  63. 
hynan,   \r^^,    (1)    afflict,    ill-use: 

inf.  — 180  ;  (2)  fell :  pret.  3  sg. 

hynde  324. 
hjTned-n^bb,  aj.,  horny-beaked: 

asm.  (w.)  hyrnednebban  B  62. 


hyse,  sm.,  boy,  youth,  warrior: 
ns.  —  152  ;  gs.  hysses  141  ; 
np.  hysas  123,  hyssas  112  ;  gp. 
hyssa  2,  128 ;    ap.  hyssas  169. 


ic,  1  pers.  prn.,  7;  ns.  — 117  ;  gs. 

min  177,  218 ;  ds.  me  55  ;  as. 

me  29 ;   np.   we  61 ;  gp.   ure 

234  ;  dp.  us  39,  93  ;  ap.  us  34, 

60. 
ig-land,  sn.,  island:    is.  iglande 

B  m. 

in,  av.,  in:  58,  157. 

m-^\dtta,  wm,,  enemy,  foe:    ns. 

—  B46. 

ira-land,  sn.  pr.  n.,  Ireland:  as. 

—  B56. 

iren,  sn. ,  iron,  sword :  ns.  —  253. 


laf,  sf . ,  remnant,  rest :  ns.  daro^a 
laf ,  '  leavings  of  darts,  surviv- 
ors,' B  54  ;  dp.  hamora  lafum, 
'  leavings  of  hammers,  swords,' 
B6. 

lagii-streain,  sm.,  ocean-stream, 
river :  np.  lagustreamas  66. 

land,  sn.,  land,  country:  gs.  lan- 
des  90,  275  ;  ds.  lande  99  ;  as. 
—  B  9,  27,  59. 

lang,  aj.,  long,  tall:  nsn.  — 66; 
m.(w.)  langa  273. 

lange,  av.,  long:  comp.  leng  171. 

last,  sm. ,  track,  footprint :  as.  — 
B22. 

la?J,  aj.,  hateful,  hostile:  dsf. 
latere  90  ;  npm.  la'iSe  86  ;  gi^m. 
la«ra  B  9  ;  dpni.  la^"um  B  22  ; 
comp.  asn.  la'Sre  50. 


GLOSSARY. 


Ifcedan,  wv.,  lead:  inf.  —  88. 
liBran,  wv.,  teach,  ezhort:  pret.  3 

sg.  lierde  311. 
lierig,    sm.,    border,    rim    (of   a 

sliield) :  ns.  —  284. 
l^tan,  redv,,  let:  pret.  3  sg.  let 

7,  140 ;  pi.  letoii  108,  B  60. 
l^cgan,  \w.,  {lay)  follow  (w.dat.): 

pret.  3  pi.  legdon  B  22. 
l^ng,  see  lange. 
leoda  (leode),  sf.  pi.,  people:  np. 

leode  B  11 ;    dp.  leodum  50, 

leodon  23  ;  ap.  leoda  37. 
leof,  aj.,  dear,  beloved,  favorite: 

dsni.    (s.)   leof  an   319;     asm. 

leofne     7,     208;     nsn.    supl. 

leofost  23. 
licgan,  sv. ,  lie,  lie  dead :  inf.  — 

319  ;   pres.  3  sg.  lige^  222,  li« 

232,  314  ;    pret.  3  sg.  Iseg  157, 

204,  227,  294,  B  17,  leg  276 ; 

pi.  lagon  112,  183,  B  28 ;  opt. 

pret.  3  sg.  l«ge  279,  300. 
lid,    sn.,    ship:    gs.    lides  B  27, 

34. 
lid-man,  sm.,  sailor,  pirate:  np. 

lidmen  99  ;  gp.  lidmanna  164. 
lif,  sn.,  Ufe:  as.  —208. 
lihtan,  wv.,  alight:   pret.   3  sg. 

lihte  23. 
lind,  sf.,  linden-shield,  shield:  as. 

linde  244  ;  ap.  linde  99. 
lucan,  sv.,  intertwine,  close  up: 

pret.  3  pi.  lueon  (jG. 
lysan,  wv.,  redeem,  deliver:   inf. 

—  37. 
lytegian,  wv.,  dissemble,  act  cun- 
ningly:   inf.  —  86. 
lyt<'I,  aj.,  little,  small:  isn.  lytle 

B34. 


lytlian,  vrv.,  become  less,  dimin- 
ish: pres.  3  sg.  lytlaS  313. 

M. 

ma,  comp.  av.,  more:  B  46  ;  in- 
decl.  comp.  aj.  w.  gen.,  more: 
n.  —  195. 

magan,  anv.,  may,  can,  be  able: 
pres.  3  sg.  mseg  215,  315  ;  pret. 
3  sg.  mihte  9,  14,  64,  70,  124, 
167,  171 ;  opt.  pres.  3  sg.  mgege 
235. 

man,  sm.,  man:  ns.  —  147,  239  ; 
ds.  men  125,  319;  as.  —  77, 
243 ;  np.  men  105,  206  ;  gp. 
manna  195 ;  indefn.  one :  ns. 

—  9. 

manian,  wv.,  exhort,  warn:    inf. 

—  228. 

manig,  aj.,  many,  many  a:  nsm. 

mtenig  282,  mi^tnig  B  17  ;  asm. 

manigne   243,    maenigne   188 ; 

apn.  nianega  200. 
niara,  see  miccel. 
maiJelian,  wv.,  speak,  harangue: 

pret.  3  sg.  mat>elode  42,  309. 
maeg,   sm.,   kinsman:    ns.  —  5, 

114,  224,  287  ;  gp,  maga  B  40. 
maegen,  sn.,  strength,  force:   ns. 

—  oio. 

m*l,  sf.,  time  speech:  ap.  msela 

212. 
mteldan,  wv.,  speak:  pret.  3  sg. 

mSldc  26,  43,  210. 
mtere,    aj.,    glorious,    splendid: 

nsm.  —  B  14. 
niiT'st,  see  miccel. 
ma'fl',  sf.,  due  measure,  right:  us. 

—  195. 


GLOSSARY. 


39 


mearh,    sm.,    horse:    ds.    nieare 

239  ;  as.  mear  188. 
mece,  sm.,  sivord:  as.  167,  236; 

gp.  meca  B  40;  dp.  mecuin  B  24. 
nieodii,    sn.,    mead:    ds.    iiieodo 

212. 
m^re,  sm.,  mere,  sea:  as.  —  B  54. 
Metod,  sm.,   Creator,  Lord:   vs. 

—  175  ;  ds.  Metode  147. 
metJel-st^de,  sm. ,  place  of  asseiii- 

bly:  ds.  —  199. 

miecel,  aj.,  great:  gsn.  miccles 
217  ;  comp.  mara  :  nsn.  mare 
B  65  ;  supl.  miest :  nsn.  —  223  ; 
asf.  mffiste  175. 

micele,  av.,  much:  50. 

niid,  prp.  w.  dat.,  ivith,  together 
with  (nearly  equivalent  to 
and) :  51,  B  47  ;  along  with, 
together  with:  76,  79,  191, 
B  26  ;  among :  23  ;  with  (of 
things) :  40,  56  ;  forming  adv. 
expressions  of  manner:  68, 
179,  B  37 ;  expressing  instru- 
mentality, by,  through,  with: 
14,  21,  32,  77,  101,  114,  118, 
124,   126,  136,   138,  226,  228. 

milde,  aj.,  mild,  merciful:   vsm. 

—  175. 


pm.  a].,    my,  mine:    gsm. 

mines  53 ;    dsm.  minum  176, 

318 ;    asm.    minne    248,    asf. 

mine  216. 
mod,  sn.,  mood,  courage:  ns.  — 

313. 
modelice,    av.,    boldly,    bravely: 

200. 
modig,    aj.,     spirited,     resolute, 

brave:    nsm.  modi  147;   npm. 


morgen-tid,    sf.,    morning-time: 

as.  —  B  14. 
motan,    anv.,    be  allowed,   may, 

must :  pres.  2  sg.  most  30  ;  3  pi. 

moton  180 ;  pret.  3  sg.  moste 

272  ;  pi.  moston  83,  87,  263 ; 

opt.  pres.  3  sg.  mote  95,  177. 
murnan,  sv.,  care,  mourn  (w.  for): 

inf.  — 259  ;   pret.  3  pi.  nuirnon 

96. 
mylen-scearp,  aj.,  ground  sharp: 

dpm.  mylenscearpum  B  24. 
Myrce,  pi.  pr.  n.,  Mercians:  n. 

—  B  24  ;  d.  Myrcon  217. 

na,  av.,  no,  not,  nor  (strengthens 

ne)  :  21,  258,  268,  325. 
nama,  wm.,  name:  ns.  — 267. 
nan,  prn.,  not  one,  none:    dsm. 

nanum  B  25. 
naegled-cnearr,  sm.,  nailed  ship: 

dp.  nsegledcnearrum  B  53. 
nses  =  ne  wees,  was  not :  325. 
ne,  av.,  not:   21,  34,  48,  59,  70, 

etc. 
ne,  cj.,  nx)r:  259,  B  46. 
nede,  av. ,  of  necessity :  B  33. 
neh,  av.,  near,  at  hand:  103. 
nellan  =  ne  willan,  wv. ,  will  not, 

be  unwilling :  pres.  1  sg.  nelle 

246;    pret.  3   sg.  nolde  6,  9, 

275  ;  pi.  noldon  81,  185,  201. 
neotan,  sv.,  w.  gen.,  use:  inf.  — 

308. 
niman,  sv.,  take,  take  away:  inf. 

39,  252. 
nor9,  av.,  north:  B  38. 
NorSerne,  aj..  Northern,  Danish : 

nsm.  B  18. 


40 


GLOSSARY. 


Nor(5-hynibre,    sm,   j)!.,    \)V.   n., 

Northumbrians:  d.  NorShyiii- 

bron  200. 
NorTf-man,  sm.,  pr.ii.,  Northman^ 

Bane:  up.  Noi-Siiien  B  53 ;  gj?. 

NorSinanna  B  33. 
nil,   1.    av.,  now:    93,   175,  215, 

316  ;    2.  cj.,  now  that,  since: 

57,  222,  232,  250. 

O. 

of,  prp.  w.  dat.,  o/,  from:  7,  108, 
149,  150,  154,  162,  221. 

ofer,  pip.  w.  ace,  over:  88,  91, 
97,  98,  256,  276,  B  15,  19,  26, 
55,  71. 

ofer,  sm.,  shore,  hank:  ds.  of  re  28. 

ofer-cuiiian,  sv.,  overcome:  pret. 
3  pi.  ofercoinon  B  72. 

ofer-mod,  sn.,  over-confidence, 
courage:  ds.  ofermode  89. 

of-sceotan,  sv. ,  shoot  down :  pret. 
3  sg.  ofsceat  77. 

ofstlice,  av.,  quickhj,  hastily:  143. 

oft,  av.,  oft,  often:  188,  212,  296, 
321,  B  8. 

on,  prp.  \v.  dat.,  ace,  inst.,  on. 
(1)  dat.  denoting  rest  upon,  on: 
25,  28,  63,  107,  112,  153,  157, 
213,  227,  233,  239,  240,  241, 
279,  292,  293,  300,  315,  B  27, 
29,  43,  49,  51,  and  with  inst. 
B  06  ;  place,  etc.,  in,  at:  144, 
174,  186,  190,  199,  214,  248, 
273,  299,  302,  324,  B  41,  65; 
among:  217,  227,  260;  w. 
verbs  of  gaining,  depriving,  of, 
from:  125,  129,  142;  subject 
against  which  action  is  direct- 
ed, upon:  269,  264, 278  ;  form- 


ing av.  of  manner:  171.  (2) 
ace.  expressing  motion,  on, 
upon,  to:  41,  78, 126, 163,  194, 
270,  286,  303,  322,  B  22,  35, 
36,  54;  into:  58,  291,  B  38; 
into  (one's  power):  178;  of 
time,  on,  in,  at:  B  14  ;  accord- 
ing to :  38 ;  forming  av.  of 
maimer:  27,  211  ;  of  time:  198. 

on-cna^van,  redv. ,  know:  inf. — 9. 

on-cwe<5an,  sv.,  reply i  answer: 
pret.  3  sg.  oncwseS  245. 

on-emn,  prp.  w.  dat.,  besides, 
near:  184. 

on-findan,  SY.,find  out,  discover, 
learn :  pret.  3  sg.  onfunde  5. 

on-fon,  redv.,  receive:  pret.  3sg. 
onfeng  110. 

on-gean,  prp.  w.  dat.,  against: 
100. 

on-gean,  av,,  back,  again,  in  re- 
ply: 49,  137,  156. 

on-ginnan,  sv.,  begin,  attempt: 
pret.  3  sg.  ongan  12,  17,  89, 
91,  228,  265  ;  pi.  ongunnon  86, 
261. 

on-gitan,  sv.,  perceive:  pret.  3 
pi.  ongeaton  84. 

ord,  sm.,  (1)  point  (of  a  weapon) : 
ns.  —  60,  146,  157,  253 ;  ds. 
orde  124,  226  ;  as.  —  47,  110. 
(2)  front,  line  of  battle :  ns.  — 
69  ;  ds.  orde  273. 

o<5,  cj.,  until:  B  16  ;  o'S  -Sset  278, 
324. 

o'fl'or,  prn.,  other,  another:  nsm. 
282  ;  ds.  oNrum  64,  70,  133 ; 
as.  oSerne  143,  234 ;  either 
(one  of  two) :  asn.  —  207. 

o'ffiJe,  cj.,  or:  208,  292. 


GLOSSARY. 


41 


Panta,  wm.,pr.n.,  Panta,  Black- 
water  (Essex) :  as.  Pantan  (38, 
97. 

plegian,  \vv.,  play,  fight:  pret.  3 
pi.  plegodon  B  52. 

prass,  sin.,  pomp,  proud  array 
(?) :  ds.  prasse  68. 

R. 

rand,   sm.,   border,   shield:     ap. 

raudas  2S). 
(h)ra<5e,   av.,   quickly:    30,  164, 

288. 
r^daii,  wv.,  advise,  counsel:  pret. 

3  sg.  riedde  18. 
reaf,   sn.,   raiment,    armor:   ap. 

—  161. 
recan,    wv.,   reck,    care  for   (w. 

gen.) :  pret.  3  pi.  rohton  260. 
rice,  aj.,  rich,  powerful,  mighty : 

supl.  nsm.  ricost  36. 
ricene,  av.,  quickly,  at  once:    93. 
ridan,  sv.,  ride:  inf.  — 291;  pret. 

3  sg.  rad  18,  239. 
riht,  aj.,  right,  proper:   nsn.  — 

190. 
rilite,  av.,  rightly:  20. 
rinc,  sm.,  man,  warrior:  dp.  rin- 

cum  18. 

S. 

sacu,  sf.,  strife,  war,  battle:    ds. 

ssecce  B  4,  42. 
salowig-pad,    aj.,    dark-coated: 

asm.  (w.)  salowigpadan  B  61. 
sawul,  sf.,  soul:  ns.  —  177. 
seed,  aj.  w.  gen.,  sated,  weary: 

nsm.  —  B  20. 


sai-lida,    wm.,    seafarer,  pirate: 

vs.  —  45  ;  as.  sSlidan  286. 
s^-nian,  sm.,  seaman:    np.   ssb- 

men  29 ;    dp.  saimammin  38, 

278. 
sse-rinc,   sm.,    seaman,   marine: 

ns.  —  134. 
sceaft,  sm.,  shaft:  ns.  —  136. 
scealc,    sm.,    man,   rogue:    np. 

scealcas  181. 
seeard,  aj.,  w.  gen.,  deprived  of, 

bereft  of:  nsm.  —  B  40. 
sceatt,  sm.,  treasure,  tribute:  dp. 

sceattum  40,  56. 
sceotaii,  sv.,  shoot:    pret.   3  sg. 

sceat  143,  270 ;    pp.  scoten  B 

19. 
see3,  sf.,  sheath:  ds.  sce'Se  162. 
scip-flota,  wm. ,  sailor :  np.  scip- 

flotan  B  11. 
scir,   aj.,    bright,    limpid,   clear: 

asn.  —  98. 
Scottas,  sm.  pi.,  pr.n.,  Scots:  gp. 

Scotta  B  li;  32. 
scufan,  sv. ,  shove,  push :  pret.  3 

sg.  sceaf  136. 
sculan,  anv.,  shall:   pres.  3  sg. 

sceal  60,  252,  312,  313  ;    2  pi. 

sceole  59 ;    3  pi.   sceolon  54, 

220;    pret.'  3  sg.  sceolde  16; 

pi.  sceoldon  19,  105,  291,  307. 
scyld,  sm.,  shield:  ds.  scylde  136  ; 

as.  —  B  19  ;  ap.  scyldas  98. 
scyld-burh,    sf . ,    shield-defense, 

testudo,  phalanx :  ns.  —  242. 
seyp,  sn.,  ship:   ds.  scype  40,  56. 
Scyttisc,   aj.,   Scottish:    nsm.  — 

B  19. 
se  (se),  seo,  <5aet,  dem.  prn.  and 

def.    art.,    this,   that,   the,  he. 


42 


GLOSSARY. 


she^  it:  nsm.  se  6,  9,  se  27,  75, 

etc. ;  f .  seo  104, 144  ;  n.  -Sset  76, 

223,  325;    gsm.  -Saes  131,  141; 

f .  'Sffire  95 ;  gsn.  "Sses  8,  148 ; 

dsf .  «£ere  8, 220  ;  n.  "Sam  10, 34, 

35,  03,  64  ;  asn.  -gone  19,  77  ; 

f .  «a  14,  48  ;    n.  ««t  22,  102 ; 

inst.  -Se  146,  312,  313,  -Sy  B  46  ; 

npm.   Sa  72,  96  ;  gi^m.  -Sara  B 

26  ;  f .  -Sgera  174  ;  dpm.  -Sam  40, 

278  ;  11.  100  ;  apin.  "Sa  82,  145  ; 

f.  106.     Sses,  cj.,  since^  after: 

B  51 ;  «ses  'Se,  as  far  as  B  68. 
Seaxe,  sm.,  pi.   pr.   n.,  Saxons: 

n.  —  B  70. 
secan,   wv. ,   seek :    inf.  —  B  55 ; 

pret.  3  pi.  sohtoii  193,  B  58,  71. 
s^cg,  sm.,    man,   warrior,   hero: 

ns.  —  159,  B  17  ;  gp.  secga  B 

13 ;  ap.  s^cgas  208. 
s^cgan,   wv.,   say,  tell,   ascribe: 

inf.  —  30 ;  pres.  3  sg.  sege-S  45  ; 

pi.  secga'S  B  68 ;    pret.  3  sg. 

s£ede  147  ;    imp.  2  sg.  sege  60. 
s^ndan,  wv.,  send:    inf.  —  30; 

pret.   3    sg.    sende    134 ;    pi. 

sendon  29. 
seofon,  num.,  seven:  npm.  seof- 

ene  B  30. 
sell,  sn.,  seat,  throne:    ds.  setle 

B  17. 
sigan,  sv.,  sink:  pret.  3  sg.  sah 

B  17. 
sine,  sn.,  treasure:  as.  —  59. 
sinc-gj'fa,  win.,  giver  of  treasure, 

patron,  lord:  as.  sincgyfan 278. 
singan,   sv.,    sing:     pret.    3   sg. 

sang  284. 
sr<!(iaii,  wv.,  go:  inf.  —  177  ;  opt. 

pres.  1  sg.  sIcNie  251. 


sitrUan,  cj.,  after,  since:  B  13,  69. 
slean,    sv.,    slay,   smite,    strike: 

pret.  3  sg.  sldh  163,  285 ;  opt. 

pret.  3  sg.  sloge  117. 
snell,    aj.,    active,    bold:     npm. 

snelle  29. 
softe,  av.,  softly,  easily:  59. 
spedan,  wv.,  accede,  agree:  pres, 

2  pi.  spedaS  34. 

spell,  sn.,  story,  message:    as.  — 

50. 
spere,  sn.,  spear:  as.  —  137  ;  ap. 

spern  108. 
spillau,  wv. ,  destroy :    inf.  —  34. 
sprecan,  sv.,  speak:    pret.  3  sg. 

sprsec  211,  274 ;    pi.  spr^con 

200,  212. 
spr^ngan,  wv.,  cast,  hurl:    pret. 

3  sg.  sprengde  137. 
springan,    sv.,    spring,     bound: 

pret.  3  sg.  sprang  137. 
standan,  sv. ,  stand :  inf.  —  19  ; 

pres.  3  sg.  stynt  51  ;    pret.  3 

sg.  stod  25,  28,  145,  152,  273 ; 

pi.  stodon  63,  72,  79,  100,  127, 

182,  301. 
sta;(5,  sn.,  shore,  bank:  ds.  stae^e 

25. 
st^do,  sm. ,  stead,  place :  as.  — 19. 
st^dc-ftest,   aj.,   steadfast,  firm: 

npm.    stedefcEste   240,    stsede- 

faeste  127. 
stefta,  sm.,  prow :  ds.  stefne  B  34. 
stemnettan,    wv.,   resist,    stand 

firm:    pret.  3  pi.    stemnetton 

122. 
st^ppan,  sv.,  step,  go:  pret.  3  sg, 

stop  8,  78,  131. 
stilitan,  wv.,  incite:    pret.  3  sg, 

stihte  127. 


GLOSSARY. 


43 


stingan,  sv.,  sting,  stab,  pierce: 

pret.  3  sg.  stang  138. 
sti(>",  aj.,  severe,  fierce :  iisii. —  301. 
sti'd-hicgeiid,  aj.,  fierce-minded : 

npm.  stiMiicgeiide  122. 
stTfflice,  av.,  boldly,  fiercely :  25. 
stretim,  sin.,  stream,  river:   as. 

—  08. 
stund,     sf.,    time,    period:    as. 

stuiide  271. 
sum,  iiidef.  pni.,  some,  some  one, 

certain  one:  nsiii.  —  149,  164  ; 

asn.  —  285  ;  apf.  sume  271. 
sunne,  wf.,  sun:  lis.  —  B  13. 
sunu,  sm.,  son:    lis. — 76,   115, 

298  ;  as.  —  B  42. 
su?Jerne,  aj.,   southern:    asm.  — 

134. 
swa,  1.  S.Y.,  so,thus:  33,59,122, 

132,  198,  209,   243,  280,  319, 

320,323.    2.  cj.,as;  290,  B  7. 
swat,  siu. ,  sweat,  blood :  ds,  swate 

B  13. 
sweart,  aj.,  swarthy,  black:  asm. 

(w.)  sweartan  B  61. 
sweltan,  sv.,  die:  inf.  —  293. 
sw^ng,    sin.,    stroke,    blow:    gs. 

swenges  118. 
sweord,  sn.,  sword:  gs.  sweordes 

B  68;    dp.   sweordum  B  30; 

gp.  sweorda  B  4 ;    ns.  swurd 

166  ;  ds.  swurde  118  ;  as.  swurd 

15;  ap.  swurd  47,  161. 
swilce,  av.,  moreover, also:  B  19, 

30,  37,  57. 
swi(5e,  av.,  very,  severely,  stoutly: 

115,  118,  282. 
swuster,  sf,,  sister:  gs.  —  115. 
sylf,  prn.,  self,  own:  ginn.  sylfra 

38. 


syllan,  wv.,  give,  infiict:  inf.  — 
38,  46  ;  pret.  3  sg.  sealde  271 ; 
opt.  pres.  1  pi.  sylloii  61. 


tfcecan,  wv.,  teach:  pret.  3  sg. 
teehte  18. 

taesaii,  wv.,  tease,  wound,  pierce : 
pret.  3  sg.  tiesde  270. 

tid,  sf.,  tide,  time:  ns.  —  104. 

tir,  sill. ,  glory,  honor :  ns.  — 104 ; 
as.  —  B  3. 

to,  prp.  w.  dat.,  to:  motion,  to, 
towards :  8,  13,  29,  40,  56,  64, 
93,  94,  99,  132,  159,  166,  172, 
177,  (hame)  292,  B  17,  34; 
place  where,  at,  in:  12,  B  28  ; 
condition,  at,  in:  232  ;  for,  as: 
46,  131,  197,  245;  figurative 
direction,  to :  10,  28,  34  ;  direc- 
tion of  thought,  purpose,  to: 
128,  179, /or;  235,  321. 

to,  av.,  too:   55,  m,  90,  150,  164. 

to-berstan,  sv.,  burst,  burst 
asunder:  pret.  3  sg.  tobserst 
136,  144. 

to-brecan,  sv.,  break,  break 
through :  pp.  tohrocen  242. 

to-gaedere,  av.,  together:  67. 

to-twaeman,  wv. ,  separate,  divide: 
pp.  totwgemed  241. 

trym,  sm. ,  distance,  step :  as. — 
247. 

trymian,  wv. ,  aniviate,  encourage : 
inf.  — 17  ;  pret.  3  pi.  trymedon 
305. 

tungol,  su.,  star:  ns.  —  B  14. 

twegeii,  num.,  two:  npm.  —  80 j 
gpii.  twega  207. 


44 


GLOSSARY. 


D. 

3a,  av.,  then^  when,  while:  2,  10, 
12,  16,  25,  C2,  74,  89,  103,  108, 
121,  etc.  ;  ^a  .  .  .  Sa,  correla- 
tive 5-7,  22-3,  84-6. 

<5anc,  sm.,  thank:  as.  —  120,  147. 

<5air,  av.,  ^/iere,  ivhere,  then,  when: 
23,  24,  28,  64,  65,  68,  78,  79, 
85,  100,  105,  106,  116,  124, 
185,  186,  200,  287,  301,  307, 
B  17,  32,  37. 

iffget,  cj.,  that,  so  that:  6,  9,  20, 
30,  32,  37,  51,  56,  63,  85,  87, 
105,  117,  119,  etc.,  B  8,  48. 

<ye,  rel.  part.,  14,  36,  48,  52,  77, 
78,  83,  129,  etc.  ;  \>e  hit  190 ; 
se  «e,  he  who,  258,  316  ;  'Sara 
«e,  B  26  ;  «8es  «e,  see  se  B  68. 

tfeah,  av.,  though,  however,  never- 
theless: 289. 

Searf,  sf.,  need:  ns.  —  233  ;  ds. 
«earfe  201,  232,  307;  as. 
'Searfe   175. 

ISearle,  av.,  severely,  cruelly:  158, 
B23. 

tJegen,  sm.,  thane,  warrior:  as. 
—  151 ;  np.  iSegenas  220  ;  ap. 
«egenas  232. 

iSegenlice,  av.,  as  b^ts  a  thane, 
faithfully:  294. 

t^^ncan,  wv.,  think,  intend:  pres. 
1  sg.  'Sence  319;  3  sg.  ^eiice^ 
258,  316. 
tJeod,  sf.,  people,  nation:  ds. 
-Seode  90,  220  ;  gix  Seoda  173  ; 
dp.  Seoduiu  B  22. 
(fJeodoii,  sni.,  prince,  lord:  ns.  — 
120,  232  ;  ds.  —  Neodne  294  ; 
vs.  Deodeii,  Lord  178 ;  as.  — 
168. 


?Jes,  9eos,  ?fis,  dem.  pm.,  this: 

iisii.  (Sis  45 ;    dsm.  tSyssum  B 

67  ;  dsf.  'Sisse  221 ;  asm.  "Sisne 

32,  -Sysne  52  ;  isn.  "Sis  316,  "Sys 

B  66  ;  apm.  Sas  298. 
"Sin,   prn.    aj.,   thy,   thine:     dpf. 

"Sinum  50  ;  apf.  ^iiie  37. 
tJincan,  wv.,  imp.,  seem,  appear: 

pres.  3  sg.  -Since^  55 ;    pret.  3 

sg.  tSiihte  66. 
tSoWixn,  wv.,  endure,  suffer:    inf. 

—  201,  307. 
Sonne,  av.,  then,  when:    213.  — 

w.  comp.  than:  33,  195. 
(Jri,  num.,  three:  gpm.  ^reora  299. 
(Ju,  2  pers.  prn. ,  thou :  ns.  30,  36, 

37,  45,  176,  231 ;  ds.  "Se  29,  30, 

173,  177,  179 ;  np.  ge  32,  34, 

56,  57,  59 ;  dp.  eow  31,  46,  48, 

93 ;  ap.  eow  41. 
Surfan,  an  v.,  need,  have  occasion: 

pres.    1   pi.    «urfe   34;    3   pi. 

^urfon  249  ;   pret.  3  sg.  Sorf te 

B  39,  44 ;  pi.  'Sorfton  B  47. 
<$urh,  prp.  w.  ace,   (1)  through: 

141, 145, 151  ;  (2)  by  means  of: 

71. 
Surh-wadan,   sv.,  penetrate,  go 

through:    pret.  3  sg.  'Surhwod 

296. 
?Jus,  av.,  thus:  57. 

U. 

un-be-fohten,  (pp.)  aj.,  unop- 
posed:   npm.  nubefohtene  57. 

un-earli,  aj.,  brave:  npm.  im- 
earge  206. 

un-for-ru'«5,  aj.,  excellent,  noble, 
hravL' :  nsm.  —  51. 

uii-forlit,  n}.,  fearless:  npm.  un- 
forhte  79. 


GLOSSARY. 


45 


un-orne,  aj.,  old:  nsm.  —  25(5. 
un-rim,    sn.,    countless   number: 

ns.  —  B  31. 
un-waelice,  av.,  stoutly:  308. 
un-weaxen,  (pp.)  aj.,  ungroion, 

young:  iism.  —  152. 
up,  av.,  up,  upwards:  130,  B  13, 

70. 
up-gang,  sni.,  approach,  ivay  up: 

as.  —  87. 
lire,  prn.  aj.,  our:  asm.  iirne  58  ; 

dpm.  urum  56. 
ut,  av.,  out:  72,  B  35. 
u(5-wita,  wm.,  sage,  philosopher : 

np.  u^witan  B  69. 

W. 

wac,    aj.,    weak,  slender:   asm. 

wacne  43. 
•wacian,  wv. ,  become  weak :   inf. 

—  10. 

wadan,  sv.,  advance,  go:   inf.  — 

140  ;  pret.  3  sg.  wod  130,  253  ; 

pi.  wodon  96,  295. 
waldend,    sm.,    ruler  :     vs.    — 

173. 
wandian,  wv. ,    hesitate :    inf.  — 

258  ;  pret.  3  sg.  wandode  268. 
wael,  sn.,  (1)  slaughter,  carnage: 

ns.  126,  303,  B  65  ;  {2)  field  of 

battle:  ds.  wsele  279,  300. 
wael-feld,   sm.,    battlefield:    ds. 

wselfelda  B  51. 
wael-raest,  sf.,  bed  of  slaughter: 

as.  wselrseste  113. 
wael-spere,  sn. ,  deadly  spear :  as. 

—  322. 

wael-stow,  sf.,  battle-field:  gs. 
wselstowe  95 ;  ds.  waelstowe 
293,  B  43. 


walwiilf,  sm.,  battle-wolf, pirate: 

np.  wselwulfas  90. 
waepeii,  sn.,  weapon:  ns. — 252; 

gs.  wiepnes  168 ;    ds.  w^pne 

228  ;    as.  —  130,     235  ;       gp. 

wSpna    83,    272,    308;      dp. 

w^pnum  10,  126. 
wgepen-gewi-ixl,    sn.,    exchange 

of  weapons,  confiict:    gs.  \v£ep- 

engewrixles  B  51. 
waeter,   sn.,   water:    ds.  wsetere 

64,96;  as.  —91,  98,  B  55. 
weald,  sm.,  forest:    ds.   wealde 

B65. 
wealdan,  sv.  w.  gen.,  loield,  rule, 

control:    inf.  —  83,    95,    168, 

272. 
Wealh,  sm.,  pr.   n.,   Welshman, 

original  inhabitant  of  England 

{foreigner) :  ap.  Wealas  B  72. 
wegan,  sv. ,  bear,  carry :    pret.  3 

pi.  wegon  98. 
wenan,  wy.  w.  gen.,  ween,  think: 

pret.  3  sg.  wende  239. 
w^ndan,   wv.,   turn,  go,  desert: 

inf.  —  316 ;  pres.  1  sg.  wende 

252 ;  pret.  3  pi.  wendon  193, 

205. 
weorod,  see  werod. 
weor9an,  sv.,  be,  become:   pres. 

3  sg.  wear«  106,  113,  114,  135, 

138,  202,  241,  288,  295,  B  32, 

65,  wser'S  116  ;  pret.  3  pi.  wur- 

don  186,  B  48  ;  opt.  pret.  3  sg. 

wurde  1. 
w^rian,  wv.,  defend,  protect  {re- 

flex) :    pret.  3  pi.  weredon  82, 

283. 
w^rig,     aj.,     weary,    exhausted: 

nsm. —  B  20 ;  npm.  werige  303. 


46 


GLOSSARY. 


werod,  sn.,  hand,  army,  host:  ns. 

64,    97 ;    ds.    weiode    51  ;   is. 

weorode  B  34 ;   as.  —  102. 
Wesseaxe,  sm.  pi.,  pr.  n..   West 

Saxons :  n.  —  B  20  ;   g.  Wes- 

seaxiia  B  50. 
west,  av.,  ivestwards :  97. 
•wiog,  sn.,  horse:  ds.  wicge  240. 
wicing,  sm.,  viking:    as.  —  139; 

gp.    wiciiiga  26,    73,  97 ;    dp. 

wlcingum  116 ;    ap.   wicingas 

322. 
wig,  sn.,  battle:  gs.  wiges  73,  130, 

B  20,   59;    ds.  wige  10,  128, 

193,  235,  252. 
■wiga,  wm.,  warrior:  ns.  —  210 ; 

ds.  wigan  126 ;  as.  wigan  75, 

235;  np.  wigan   79,  302;  gp. 

wigena  135. 
wigeiid,  sm.,  warrior:  np.  — 302. 
wTg-heard,    aj.,    valiant:    asm. 

wigheardne  75. 
w^g-plega,  wm. ,  battle-play,  com- 
bat :    ds.    wigplegan  268 ;    is. 

wigplegan  316. 
wig-smiS,  sm.,  warrior :  np.  wig- 

smi'Sas  B  72. 
wi-haga,  wm.,  battle-hedge,  pha- 
lanx: as.  wihagan  102. 
wlllan,    anv.,    ivill:    pres.    1  sg. 

wille  221,  247,  317,  wylle  216  ; 

3  sg.  wile  52  ;  1  pi.  willa«  35, 

40  ;  3  pi.  willaS  46  ;  pret.  3  sg. 

wolde  11,  129, 160  ;  pi.  woldon 

207  ;    opt.   pres.    2   sg.    wille 

37. 
wlndan,  sv.,  (1)  wind,  brandish: 

pret.  3  sg.  wand  43 ;  (2)  circle, 

fly:    inf.  —322;    pret.    3   pi. 

wuudon  106. 


wine,  sm. ,  friend,  lord :  ns.  — 
250  ;  ap.  winas  228. 

wine-drihten,  sm. ,  friendly  lord, 
chief:  as.  —  248,  263. 

wine-maeg,  sm.,  friendly  kins- 
man :  ap.  winemagas  306. 

winter,  sm.,  winter,  year:  dp. 
wintrum  210. 

w^s,  aj.,  wise:  nsm.  —  219. 

wisian,  wv.,  guide,  direct:  pret. 
3  sg.  wisode  141. 

witan,  w\\,  know:  pres.  3  sg. 
wilt  94  ;  pret.  3  sg.  wiste  24. 

wi<5,  prp.,  (1)  w.  gen.,  to,  towards: 
8,  131,  290;  (2)  w.  dat.,  for, 
in  exchange  for:  31,  35,  39, 
over  against:  103 ;  (3)  w.  ace, 
against  :  82,  277,  298,  B  9, 
52. 

wi<5er-lean,  sn.,  requital,  retribu- 
tion: ns.  —  116. 

wlano,  aj.,  proud:  asm.  wlancne 
139;  dsn.  (w.)  wlancan  240; 
npm.  wlance  205,  B  72. 

w^litan,  sv.,  look:  pret.  3  sg. 
wlat  172. 

word,  sn.,  word:  as.  168;  dp. 
wordum  26,  43,  210,  250,  wor- 
don  306. 

wonild,  sf.,  world:  ds.  worulde 
174. 

■woruld-gesaBlig,  aj.,  worldly- 
prosperous,  rich,  happy:  nsm. 
—  219. 

wrecan,  sv. ,  avenge :  inf.  —  248, 
258  ;  pret.  3  sg.  wrec  279 ;  opt. 
pret.  3  sg.  wriece  257. 

wiidu,  sm.,  wood,  forest:  as.  — 
193. 

wulf,  sm.,  ivolf:  as.  —  B  65. 


GLOSSAKY. 


47 


wund,  sf.,  wound:  as.  wunde 
139,  271  ;  dp.  wunduin  293, 
303,  B  43. 

wund,  aj.,  loounded:  nsm.  — 
113,  144. 

^vll^<yllce,  av.,  luorthilij^  honor- 
ably:  279. 

w^^nn,  sf.,  jo?/,  pleasure:  gp. 
wyima  174. 

wjTcan,  wv.,  work,  make,  form: 
inf.  —  102. 


wyriide  118;    pi.  wyrndou  B 
24. 

Y. 

j^el,  sn.,  evil,  harm,  wickedness: 

gs.  yfeles  133. 
ymbe,     prp.    w.    ace,    around, 

about:    214,  B   5,  embe  249, 

271. 
jTh'So,  indecl.  f.,  cowardice:    as. 

—  6. 


wyrnan,  wv.  w.  gen.,  refuse,  de-      yrre,  aj.,  angry,  enraged:    nsm. 
dine,   withhold:     pret.   3  sg.  ■ — 44,253. 


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